Exaggeration - Wikipedia

Exaggeration is the representation of something as more extreme or dramatic than it really is. Exaggeration may occur intentionally or unintentionally. Exaggeration FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Statementthatrepresentssomethinginanexcessivemanner 1796fashioncaricaturebyRichardNewtonparodyingawoman'sheaddressusingexaggeration. LookupexaggerationinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. Exaggerationistherepresentationofsomethingasmoreextremeordramaticthanitreallyis.Exaggerationmayoccurintentionallyorunintentionally. Exaggerationcanbearhetoricaldeviceorfigureofspeech.Itmaybeusedtoevokestrongfeelingsortocreateastrongimpression. Amplifyingachievements,obstaclesandproblemstoseekattentionisaneverydayoccurrence[1]Inflatingthedifficultyofachievingagoalafterattainingit,canbeusedtobolsterself-esteem.[2] Inthearts,exaggerationsareusedtocreateemphasisoreffect.Asaliterarydevice,exaggerationsisoftenusedinpoetry,andisfrequentlyencounteredincasualspeech.[3]Manytimestheusagesofhyperboledescribessomethingasbetterorworsethanitreallyis.[4]Anexampleofhyperboleis:"Thebagweighedaton."[5]Hyperbolemakesthepointthatthebagwasveryheavy,thoughitprobablydoesnotweighaton.[6] Exaggeratingisalsoatypeofdeception,[7]aswellasameansofmalingering–magnifyingsmallinjuriesordiscomfortsasanexcusetoavoidresponsibilities.[8] Contents 1Inthearts 1.1Expressionism 1.2Tragedy 1.3Humour 1.4Overacting 1.5Shockjock 2Injournalism 3Inpolitics 4Inpsychology 5Inpopularculture 6Seealso 7References 8Furtherreading 8.1Books 8.2Academicpapers Inthearts[edit] MarkTwainoncewrote,"Thereportsofmydeatharegreatlyexaggerated"[9] TheexaggeratorhasbeenafamiliarfigureinWesternculturesinceatleastAristotle'sdiscussionofthealazon.[10] Expressionism[edit] Mainarticle:Expressionism '"Expressionistart"...attemptedtointensifytheexpressionoffeelingandattitudebyexaggeration'.[11]Initswake,eventhe'newandhardrealism...keptmuchofthedistortionandexaggerationwhichhadbeenoneofthechiefdevicesofearlierExpressionism'.[12] Tragedy[edit] Althoughtheboaster(alazon)isprimarilyacomicfigure,'thealazonmaybeoneaspectofthetragicheroaswell:thetouchofmilesgloriosusinTamburlaine,eveninOthello,isunmistakable,asisthetouchoftheobsessedphilosopherinFaustusandHamlet'.[13] Humour[edit] 'Sometheoreticiansofthecomicconsiderexaggerationtobeauniversalcomicdevice'.[14]Itmaytakedifferentformsindifferentgenres,butallrelyonthefactthat'theeasiestwaytomakethingslaughableistoexaggeratetothepointofabsurditytheirsalienttraits'.[15] CaricatureAcaricaturecanrefertoaportraitthatexaggeratesordistortstheessenceofapersonorthingtocreateaneasilyidentifiablevisuallikeness:'disproportionatelyincreasingandemphasizingthedefectsofthefeatures'.[16]Inliterature,acaricatureisadescriptionofapersonusingexaggerationofsomecharacteristicsandoversimplificationofothers.[17] SlapstickSlapstickistherecoursetohumorinvolvingexaggeratedphysicalactivitywhichexceedstheboundariesofcommonsense.[18][19][20]Theseexaggerateddepictionsareoftenfoundincartoons,andlightfilmcomediesaimedatyoungeraudiences. Overacting[edit] Overactingistheexaggerationofgesturesandspeechwhenacting.Itmaybeunintentional,particularlyinthecaseofabadactor,orberequiredfortherole.Forthelatter,itiscommonlyusedincomicalsituationsortostresstheevilcharacteristicsofavillain.Sincetheperceptionofactingqualitydiffersbetweenpeopletheextentofoveractingcanbesubjective. AnimationExaggerationisaneffectespeciallyusefulforanimation,asperfectimitationofrealitycanlookstaticanddullincartoons.[21]Thelevelofexaggerationdependsonwhetheroneseeksrealismoraparticularstyle,likeacaricatureorthestyleofaspecificartist.Theclassicaldefinitionofexaggeration,employedbyDisney,wastoremaintruetoreality,justpresentingitinawilder,moreextremeform.[22]Otherformsofexaggerationcaninvolvethesupernaturalorsurreal,alterationsinthephysicalfeaturesofacharacter;orelementsinthestorylineitself.[23]Itisimportanttoemployacertainlevelofrestraintwhenusingexaggeration.Ifascenecontainsseveralelements,thereshouldbeabalanceinhowthoseelementsareexaggeratedinrelationtoeachother,toavoidconfusingoroverawingtheviewer.[24] Shockjock[edit] Ashockjock,atypeofradiobroadcasterordiscjockey,entertainslistenersorattractsattentionusinghumorand/ormelodramaticexaggerationthatsomeportionofthelisteningaudiencemayfindoffensive. Injournalism[edit] Schopenhauersawexaggerationasessentialtojournalism.[25] Hemayhaveexaggeratedthecaseslightly,butyellowjournalismthrivedonexaggeration,[26]andfact-checkingandindependentverificationhavenotsucceededinsuppressingclickbaitorhyperbolicheadlines. Inpolitics[edit] Duringtheelectionof1800,surrogatesofJohnAdams'politicalcampaignwarnedvotersthatifThomasJeffersonwontheelection,"murder,robbery,rape,adulteryandincestwillopenlybetaughtandpracticed."[27] Politicianscanexaggerate.[28] Intheelectoralprocessonemayexpectexaggeration.[29] Outsidetheelectoralprocesstheexaggerationsofpropaganda[30]canbolsterthepositionofincumbents. Inpsychology[edit] Individualswiththefollowingmentalhealthissuesareoftenpronetomakeexaggeratedrepresentations: Factitiousdisorder/malingering,[31] Substancerelatedandaddictivedisorders Acutestressdisorder,[31] Posttraumaticstressdisorder,[31] Avoidantpersonalitydisorder,[31]and Narcissisticpersonalitydisorder.[31] Factitiousdisorderiswhenapersonactsasiftheyhaveaphysicalorpsychologicalillness.Peoplewiththisdisordercreatedthesymptomsandarewillingtoundergopainfulorriskyteststogetsympathyandspecialattention.[32] Catastrophizingisexaggerationofhazards,threats,orbadoutcomes. Inpopularculture[edit] In1969,TheMontyPythonDirtyForksketchdemonstratesanabsurdlevelofcatastrophizationwhererestaurantstaffcommitsuicideandmurdereachotherbecauseofacustomercomplaintofadirtyfork.ComparewiththesceneinthefilmMontyPythonandtheHolyGrail[33]involvingtheBlackKnightcharacterwhichistheoppositeextremeofabsurdity(minimisation).[34][33] Seealso[edit] Caricature Hyperbole Overacting Sensationalism Shockjock VeracityofstatementsbyDonaldTrump References[edit] ^DanielGoleman,EmotionalIntelligence(London1996)p.113. ^BethAzar"Allpuffedup"MonitoronPsychology,June2007,Vol38,No.6. ^"DefinitionofHyperbole".Retrieved10January2014. ^"DefinitionofHYPERBOLE".www.merriam-webster.com. ^Mahony,David(2003).LiteracyTestsYear7.PascalPress.p. 82.ISBN 978-1877085369. ^"Hyperbole".Byu.edu.Retrieved10January2014. ^Guerrero,L.,Anderson,P.,Afifi,W.(2007).CloseEncounters:CommunicationinRelationships(2nded.).LosAngeles:SagePublications. ^R.RogersClinicalAssessmentofMalingeringandDeception3rdEdition,Guilford,2008.ISBN 1593856997 ^"Thereportsofmydeatharegreatlyexaggerated".dictionary.com.Dictionary.com.Retrieved19December2021. ^Aristotle,Ethics(Penguin1976)p.165. ^HaroldBloom,ThomasHardy(2010)p.93 ^HaroldOsborneed.,TheOxfordCompaniontoArt(Oxford1992)p.397. ^Frye,p.39. ^EmilDraitser,TechniquesofSatire(1994)p.135 ^M.Eastman/W.Fry,EnjoymentofLaughter(2008)p.156. ^FilippoBaldinucci,quotedinHaroldOsborneed.,TheOxfordCompaniontoArt(Oxford1992)p.204. ^"LiteraryTermDefinitionofResolution". ^"slapstick–definitionofslapstickbytheFreeOnlineDictionary,ThesaurusandEncyclopedia".Thefreedictionary.com.Retrieved29April2013. ^"SlapstickComedy–film,cinema".Filmreference.com.Retrieved29April2013. ^"SlapstickcomedydefinitionofSlapstickcomedyintheFreeOnlineEncyclopedia".Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com.Retrieved29April2013. ^Lightfoot,Nataha."12Principles".AnimationToolworks.Archivedfromtheoriginalon9June2016.Retrieved27June2008. ^Johnston&Thomas(1981),pp.65–66. ^Willian(29June2006)."Exaggeration".Blender.Archivedfromtheoriginalon7February2009.Retrieved28June2008. ^DeStefano,RalphA."Exaggeration".ElectronicVisualizationLaboratory,UniversityofIllinoisatChicago.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13April2001.Retrieved28June2008. ^ Schopenhauer,Arthur(2017).DelphiCollectedWorksofArthurSchopenhauer.DelphiSeriesEight.Vol. 12.Hastings,EastSusse:DelphiClassics.p. 109.ISBN 978-1786560889.Retrieved21June2019.Exaggerationofeverykindisasessentialtojournalismasitistothedramaticart;fortheobjectofjournalismistomakeeventsgoasfaraspossible.Thusitisthatalljournalistsare,intheverynatureoftheircalling,alarmists;andthisistheirwayofgivinginteresttowhattheywrite. ^ Griffin,Brett(2018).YellowJournalism,Sensationalism,andCirculationWars.TheFourthEstate:JournalisminNorthAmerica.NewYork:CavendishSquarePublishing,LLC.p. 102.ISBN 978-1502634719.Retrieved21June2019.yellowjournalism[:...]astyleofreportingthatreliedonexaggertedorinventedstoriesofscandalandcrimetoattractreaders;attention. ^Unger,Rick."TheDirtiestPresidentialCampaignEver?NotEvenClose!".Forbes.Retrieved20April2012. ^ Forexample: Anchimbe,EricA.(2012)."Privatedialogueinpublicspace:'Motionsofsupport'lettersasresponsetopoliticalaction".InBerlin,LawrenceN.;Fetzer,Anita(eds.).DialogueinPolitics.Dialoguestudies.Vol. 18.Amsterdam:JohnBenjaminsPublishing.p. 144.ISBN 978-9027210357.Retrieved21June2019.SeveralcommunicativestrategiescommonlyidentifiedwithpoliticaldiscourseproducedbypoliticianscanbefoundintheMoSwrittenbythecommonpeopleinabidtorepresenttheirvoicesinthepoliticalprocessinCameroon.Amongthesestrategiesarepersuasion,exaggeration,manipulation,vagueness,andfalsehood. ^ Forexample:Fraser,Tony(2009)."TrinidadandTobago".InEsipisu,Manoah;Khaguli,IsaacE.(eds.).EyesofDemocracy:TheMediaandElections.London:CommonwealthSecretariat.p. 52.ISBN 978-0850928983.Retrieved21June2019.ThefirstrequirementofajournalistcoveringanelectioninTrinidadandTobagoistounderstandthemulticulturalnatureandcultureofthepeople,thedispositiontoexaggerationofpoliticiansandpoliticalparties,theapparentcontradictionsofthecultureandtovownottotakethecountry'spoliticstooseriously. ^Jowett,Garth;O'Donnell,Victoria(2006)."HowtoAnalyzePropaganda".PropagandaandPersuasion(4th ed.).ThousandOaks,California:SagePublications.p. 283.ISBN 978-1412908986.Retrieved21June2019.Exaggerationisoftenassociatedwithpropaganda.Goebbelssaidthatoutrageouschargesevokedmorebeliefthanmilderstatements. ^abcdeAmericanPsychiatricAssociation(2013).DiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders(Fifth ed.).Arlington,VA:AmericanPsychiatricPublishing.pp. 5–25.ISBN 978-0890425558. ^"FactitiousDisorders".ClevelandClinic.ClevelandClinic.Retrieved2October2021. ^abSims,David(9April2015)."How'MontyPythonandtheHolyGrail'InfluencedFilmBySatirizingIt".TheAtlantic.Retrieved31August2021. ^"Overstatement-ExamplesandDefinitionofOverstatement".LiteraryDevices.29May2015.Retrieved31August2021. Furtherreading[edit] Books[edit] Duttmann,AG;Phillips,JPhilosophyofExaggeration(ContinuumStudiesinContinentalPhilosophy)(2007) Academicpapers[edit] Demaree,HA;Schmeichel,BJ;Robinson,JL;Everhart,D.Erik"Behavioural,affective,andphysiologicaleffectsofnegativeandpositiveemotionalexaggeration".CognitionandEmotion,Volume18,Number8,2004,1079–1097(19) Pieper,WJExaggeration,puffery,inferentialbeliefsanddeceptioninadvertising–1976–UniversityofSouthCarolina. Sperling,OE"ExaggerationasaDefense".PsychoanalQ.,32:553–548.(1963). 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