Create an input method | Android Developers

In this example, MyKeyboardView is an instance of a custom implementation of KeyboardView that renders a Keyboard . Candidates view. The candidates view is the ... 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ToaddanIMEtotheAndroidsystem,youcreateanAndroidapplication containingaclassthatextendsInputMethodService.In addition,youusuallycreatea"settings"activitythatpassesoptionstotheIMEservice.You canalsodefineasettingsUIthat'sdisplayedaspartofthesystemsettings. Thisguidecoversthefollowing: TheIMElifecycle DeclaringIMEcomponentsintheapplicationmanifest TheIMEAPI DesigninganIMEUI SendingtextfromanIMEtoanapplication WorkingwithIMEsubtypes Ifyouhaven'tworkedwithIMEsbefore,youshouldreadtheintroductoryarticle OnscreenInputMethodsfirst. Note:BeginningwithAndroid 11,the platformallowsIMEstodisplayautofillsuggestionsinline,insteadof usingapulldownmenu.Formoreinformationonhowautofillservicescansupport thisfunctionality,seeIntegratingautofillwith keyboards. TheIMElifecycle ThefollowingdiagramdescribesthelifecycleofanIME: Figure1.ThelifecycleofanIME. ThefollowingsectionsdescribehowtoimplementtheUIandcodeassociatedwithanIMEthat followsthislifecycle. DeclareIMEcomponentsinthemanifest IntheAndroidsystem,anIMEisanAndroidapplicationthatcontainsaspecialIMEservice. Theapplication'smanifestfilemustdeclaretheservice,requestthenecessarypermissions, provideanintentfilterthatmatchestheactionaction.view.InputMethod,and providemetadatathatdefinescharacteristicsoftheIME.Inaddition,toprovideasettings interfacethatallowstheusertomodifythebehavioroftheIME,youcandefinea"settings" activitythatcanbelaunchedfromSystemSettings. ThefollowingsnippetdeclaresanIMEservice.Itrequeststhepermission BIND_INPUT_METHODtoallowtheservicetoconnecttheIME tothesystem,setsupanintentfilterthatmatchestheaction android.view.InputMethod,anddefinesmetadatafortheIME: ThisnextsnippetdeclaresthesettingsactivityfortheIME.Ithasanintentfilterfor ACTION_MAINthatindicatesthisactivityisthemainentrypoint fortheIMEapplication: YoucanalsoprovideaccesstotheIME'ssettingsdirectlyfromitsUI. TheinputmethodAPI ClassesspecifictoIMEsarefoundintheandroid.inputmethodserviceand android.view.inputmethodpackages.TheKeyEventclassis importantforhandlingkeyboardcharacters. ThecentralpartofanIMEisaservicecomponent,aclassthatextends InputMethodService.Inadditiontoimplementingthe normalservicelifecycle,thisclasshascallbacksforprovidingyourIME'sUI,handlinguser input,anddeliveringtexttothefieldthatcurrentlyhasfocus.Bydefault,the InputMethodServiceclassprovidesmostoftheimplementation formanagingthestateandvisibilityoftheIMEandcommunicatingwiththecurrentinput field. Thefollowingclassesarealsoimportant: BaseInputConnection DefinesthecommunicationchannelfromanInputMethod backtotheapplicationthatisreceivingitsinput.Youuseittoreadtextaroundthe cursor,committexttothetextbox,andsendrawkeyeventstotheapplication. Applicationsshouldextendthisclassratherthanimplementingthebaseinterface InputConnection. KeyboardView AnextensionofViewthatrendersakeyboardandrespondstouser inputevents.Thekeyboardlayoutisspecifiedbyaninstanceof Keyboard,whichyoucandefineinanXMLfile. DesigntheinputmethodUI TherearetwomainvisualelementsforanIME:theinputviewandthe candidatesview.Youonlyhavetoimplementtheelementsthatarerelevantto theinputmethodyou'redesigning. Inputview TheinputviewistheUIwheretheuserinputstextintheformofkeyclicks,handwritingor gestures.WhentheIMEisdisplayedforthefirsttime,thesystemcallsthe onCreateInputView()callback.Inyour implementationofthismethod,youcreatethelayoutyouwanttodisplayintheIME windowandreturnthelayouttothesystem.Thissnippetisanexampleofimplementingthe onCreateInputView()method: Kotlin overridefunonCreateInputView():View{ returnlayoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.input,null).apply{ if(thisisMyKeyboardView){ setOnKeyboardActionListener(this@MyInputMethod) keyboard=latinKeyboard } } } Java @Override publicViewonCreateInputView(){ MyKeyboardViewinputView= (MyKeyboardView)getLayoutInflater().inflate(R.layout.input,null); inputView.setOnKeyboardActionListener(this); inputView.setKeyboard(latinKeyboard); returninputView; } Inthisexample,MyKeyboardViewisaninstanceofacustom implementationof KeyboardViewthatrendersa Keyboard. Candidatesview ThecandidatesviewistheUIwheretheIMEdisplayspotentialwordcorrectionsor suggestionsfortheusertoselect.IntheIMElifecycle,thesystemcalls onCreateCandidatesView()whenit'sready todisplaythecandidatesview.Inyourimplementationofthismethod,returnalayoutthat showswordsuggestions,orreturnnullifyoudon’twanttoshowanything.Anullresponseis thedefaultbehavior,soyoudon’thavetoimplementthisifyoudon’tprovidesuggestions. UIdesignconsiderations ThissectiondescribessomespecificUIdesignconsiderationsforIMEs. Handlemultiplescreensizes TheUIforyourIMEmustbeabletoscalefordifferentscreensizes,anditalso musthandlebothlandscapeandportraitorientations.Innon-fullscreenIMEmode,leave sufficientspacefortheapplicationtoshowthetextfieldandanyassociatedcontext,sothat nomorethanhalfthescreenisoccupiedbytheIME.InfullscreenIMEmodethisisnotan issue. Handledifferentinputtypes Androidtextfieldsallowyoutosetaspecificinputtype,suchasfree-formtext,numbers, URLs,emailaddresses,andsearchstrings.WhenyouimplementanewIME,youneedtodetect theinputtypeofeachfieldandprovidetheappropriateinterfaceforit.However,you don'thavetosetupyourIMEtocheckthattheuserenteredvalidtextfortheinputtype; that'stheresponsibilityoftheapplicationthatownsthetextfield. Forexample,herearescreenshotsoftheinterfacesthattheLatinIMEprovidedwiththe Androidplatformprovidesfortextandphonenumberinputs: Figure2.LatinIMEinputtypes. WhenaninputfieldreceivesfocusandyourIMEstarts,thesystemcalls onStartInputView(), passinginanEditorInfoobjectthatcontainsdetailsabout theinputtypeandotherattributesofthetextfield.Inthisobject,the inputTypefieldcontainsthetextfield'sinput type. TheinputTypefieldisanint thatcontainsbitpatternsforvariousinputtypesettings.Totestitforthetextfield's inputtype,maskitwiththeconstantTYPE_MASK_CLASS,like this: Kotlin inputTypeandInputType.TYPE_MASK_CLASS Java inputType&InputType.TYPE_MASK_CLASS Theinputtypebitpatterncanhaveoneofseveralvalues,including: TYPE_CLASS_NUMBER Atextfieldforenteringnumbers.Asillustratedinthepreviousscreenshot,the LatinIMEdisplaysanumberpadforfieldsofthistype. TYPE_CLASS_DATETIME Atextfieldforenteringadateandtime. TYPE_CLASS_PHONE Atextfieldforenteringtelephonenumbers. TYPE_CLASS_TEXT Atextfieldforenteringallsupportedcharacters. Theseconstantsaredescribedinmoredetailinthereferencedocumentationfor InputType. TheinputTypefieldcancontainotherbitsthat indicateavariantofthetextfieldtype,suchas: TYPE_TEXT_VARIATION_PASSWORD AvariantofTYPE_CLASS_TEXTforenteringpasswords.The inputmethodwilldisplaydingbatsinsteadoftheactualtext. TYPE_TEXT_VARIATION_URI AvariantofTYPE_CLASS_TEXTforenteringwebURLsand otherUniformResourceIdentifiers(URIs). TYPE_TEXT_FLAG_AUTO_COMPLETE AvariantofTYPE_CLASS_TEXTforenteringtextthatthe application"auto-completes"fromadictionary,search,orotherfacility. RemembertomaskinputTypewiththeappropriate constantwhenyoutestforthesevariants.Theavailablemaskconstantsarelistedinthe referencedocumentationforInputType. Caution:InyourownIME,makesureyouhandletextcorrectlywhenyousendit toapasswordfield.HidethepasswordinyourUIbothintheinputviewandinthecandidates view.Alsorememberthatyoushouldn'tstorepasswordsonadevice.Tolearnmore,seethe DesigningforSecurityguide. Sendtexttotheapplication AstheuserinputstextwithyourIME,youcansendtexttotheapplicationbysending individualkeyeventsorbyeditingthetextaroundthecursorintheapplication'stext field.Ineithercase,youuseaninstanceofInputConnection todeliverthetext.Togetthisinstance,call InputMethodService.getCurrentInputConnection(). Editthetextaroundthecursor Whenyou'rehandlingtheeditingofexistingtextinatextfield,someofthemoreuseful methodsinBaseInputConnectionare: getTextBeforeCursor() ReturnsaCharSequencecontainingthenumberofrequestedcharacters beforethecurrentcursorposition. getTextAfterCursor() ReturnsaCharSequencecontainingthenumberofrequestedcharacters followingthecurrentcursorposition. deleteSurroundingText() Deletesthespecifiednumberofcharactersbeforeandfollowingthecurrentcursor position. commitText() CommitaCharSequencetothetextfieldandsetanewcursor position. Forexample,thefollowingsnippetshowshowtoreplacethefourcharacterstotheleftofthe cursorwiththetext"Hello!": Kotlin currentInputConnection.also{ic:InputConnection-> ic.deleteSurroundingText(4,0) ic.commitText("Hello",1) ic.commitText("!",1) } Java InputConnectionic=getCurrentInputConnection(); ic.deleteSurroundingText(4,0); ic.commitText("Hello",1); ic.commitText("!",1); Composingtextbeforecommitting IfyourIMEdoestextpredictionorrequiresmultiplestepstocomposeaglyphor word,youcanshowtheprogressinthetextfielduntiltheusercommitstheword,andthenyou canreplacethepartialcompositionwiththecompletedtext.Youmaygivespecialtreatmentto thetextbyaddinga"span"toitwhenyoupassitto setComposingText(). Thefollowingsnippetshowshowtoshowprogressinatextfield: Kotlin currentInputConnection.also{ic:InputConnection-> ic.setComposingText("Composi",1) ic.setComposingText("Composin",1) ic.commitText("Composing",1) } Java InputConnectionic=getCurrentInputConnection(); ic.setComposingText("Composi",1); ic.setComposingText("Composin",1); ic.commitText("Composing",1); Thefollowingscreenshotsshowhowthisappearstotheuser: Figure3.Composingtextbeforecommitting. Intercepthardwarekeyevents Eventhoughtheinputmethodwindowdoesn'thaveexplicitfocus,itreceiveshardwarekey eventsfirstandcanchoosetoconsumethemorforwardthemalongtotheapplication.For example,youmaywanttoconsumethedirectionalkeystonavigatewithinyourUIforcandidate selectionduringcomposition.Youmayalsowanttotrapthebackkeytodismissanypopups originatingfromtheinputmethodwindow. Tointercepthardwarekeys,override onKeyDown() andonKeyUp(). Remembertocallthesuper()methodforkeysyoudon'twanttohandleyourself. CreateanIMEsubtype SubtypesallowtheIMEtoexposemultipleinputmodesandlanguagessupportedbyanIME.A subtypecanrepresent: Alocalesuchasen_USorfr_FR. Aninputmodesuchasvoice,keyboard,orhandwriting. Otherinputstyles,forms,orpropertiesspecifictotheIME,suchas10-keyorqwerty keyboardlayouts. Basically,themodecanbeanytextsuchas"keyboard","voice",andsoforth.Asubtypecan alsoexposeacombinationofthese. SubtypeinformationisusedforanIMEswitcherdialogthat'savailablefromthenotification barandalsoforIMEsettings.Theinformationalsoallowstheframeworktobringupa specificsubtypeofanIMEdirectly.WhenyoubuildanIME,usethesubtypefacility,because ithelpstheuseridentifyandswitchbetweendifferentIMElanguagesandmodes. Youdefinesubtypesinoneoftheinputmethod'sXMLresourcefiles,usingthe element.ThefollowingsnippetdefinesanIMEwithtwo subtypes:akeyboardsubtypefortheUSEnglishlocale,andanotherkeyboardsubtypeforthe FrenchlanguagelocaleforFrance: ToensurethatyoursubtypesarelabeledcorrectlyintheUI,use%stogetasubtypelabel thatisthesameasthesubtype’slocalelabel.Thisisdemonstratedinthenexttwosnippets. Thefirstsnippetshowspartoftheinputmethod'sXMLfile: ThenextsnippetispartoftheIME'sstrings.xmlfile.Thestring resourcelabel_subtype_generic,whichisusedbytheinputmethodUIdefinitionto setthesubtype'slabel,isdefinedas: %s Thissettingcausesthesubtype’sdisplaynametomatchthelocalesetting. Forexample,inanyEnglishlocale,thedisplaynameis“English(UnitedStates)”. ChooseIMEsubtypesfromthenotificationbar TheAndroidsystemmanagesallsubtypesexposedbyallIMEs.IMEsubtypesare treatedasmodesoftheIMEtheybelongto.Inthenotificationbar,ausercanselectan availablesubtypeforthecurrently-setIME,asshowninthefollowingscreenshot: Figure4.ChoosinganIMEsubtypefromthenotification bar. Figure5.SettingsubtypepreferencesinSystemSettings. ChooseIMEsubtypesfromSystemSettings Ausercancontrolhowsubtypesareusedinthe“Language&input”settingspanelinthe SystemSettingsarea. Figure6.ChoosingalanguagefortheIME. SwitchamongIMEsubtypes YoucanallowuserstoswitcheasilyamongmultipleIMEsubtypesbyprovidingaswitchingkey, suchastheglobe-shapedlanguageicon,aspartofthekeyboard.Doingsogreatlyimprovesthe keyboard'susability,andcanhelpavoiduserfrustration. Toenablesuchswitching,performthefollowingsteps: DeclaresupportsSwitchingToNextInputMethod="true"intheinputmethod'sXML resourcefiles.Yourdeclarationshouldlooksimilartothefollowingsnippet: CalltheshouldOfferSwitchingToNextInputMethod()method. Ifthemethodreturnstrue,displayaswitchingkey. Whentheusertapstheswitchingkey,call switchToNextInputMethod(), passingfalsetothesecondparameter.Avalueoffalsetellsthesystemtotreatallsubtypes equally,regardlessofwhatIMEtheybelongto.Specifyingtruerequiresthesystemtocycle throughsubtypesinthecurrentIME. Caution:PriortoAndroid5.0(APIlevel21), switchToNextInputMethod() isnotawareofthesupportsSwitchingToNextInputMethodattribute.Iftheuserswitches intoanIMEwithoutaswitchingkey,theymaygetstuckinthatIME,unabletoswitchoutofiteasily. GeneralIMEconsiderations Herearesomeotherthingstoconsiderasyou'reimplementingyourIME: ProvideawayforuserstosetoptionsdirectlyfromtheIME'sUI. BecausemultipleIMEsmaybeinstalledonthedevice,provideawayfortheusertoswitchtoa differentIMEdirectlyfromtheinputmethodUI. BringuptheIME'sUIquickly.Preloadorloadondemandanylargeresourcessothatusers seetheIMEassoonastheytaponatextfield.Cacheresourcesandviewsforsubsequent invocationsoftheinputmethod. Conversely,youshouldreleaselargememoryallocationssoonaftertheinputmethodwindowis hidden,sothatapplicationscanhavesufficientmemorytorun.Considerusingadelayed messagetoreleaseresourcesiftheIMEisinahiddenstateforafewseconds. Makesurethatuserscanenterasmanycharactersaspossibleforthelanguageorlocale associatedwiththeIME.Rememberthatusersmayusepunctuationinpasswordsoruser names,soyourIMEhastoprovidemanydifferentcharacterstoallowuserstoentera passwordandgetaccesstothedevice. ContentandcodesamplesonthispagearesubjecttothelicensesdescribedintheContentLicense.JavaisaregisteredtrademarkofOracleand/oritsaffiliates. Lastupdated2021-11-11UTC. 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