Air quality index - Wikipedia

An air quality index (AQI) is used by government agencies to communicate to the public how polluted the air currently is or how polluted it is forecast to ... Airqualityindex FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Measureofpollution PartofaseriesonPollutionSmoginShanghai,December1993—anexampleofairconditionstypicallyratedasunhealthy Air Acidrain Airqualityindex Atmosphericdispersionmodeling Chlorofluorocarbon Exhaustgas Haze Indoorair Internalcombustionengine Globaldimming Globaldistillation Ozonedepletion Particulates Persistentorganicpollutant Smog Aerosol Soot Volatileorganiccompound Biological Biologicalhazard Genetic Introducedspecies(Invasivespecies) Digital Information Electromagnetic Light Ecological Overillumination Radiospectrum Natural Ozone Radiumandradonintheenvironment Volcanicash Wildfire Noise Transportation Land Water Air Rail Sustainabletransport Urban Sonar Marinemammalsandsonar Industrial Military Abstract Noisecontrol Radiation Actinides Bioremediation Depleteduranium Nuclearfission Nuclearfallout Plutonium Poisoning Radioactivity Uranium Electromagneticradiationandhealth Radioactivewaste Soil Agricultural Herbicides Manurewaste Pesticides Landdegradation Bioremediation Defecation Electricalresistanceheating Soilguidelinevalues Phytoremediation Solidwaste Biodegradablewaste Brownwaste Electronicwaste Batteryrecycling Foodwaste Greenwaste Hazardouswaste Biomedicalwaste Chemicalwaste Constructionwaste Leadpoisoning Mercurypoisoning Toxicwaste Industrialwaste Leadsmelting Litter Mining Coalmining Goldmining Surfacemining Deepseamining Miningwaste Uraniummining Municipalsolidwaste Garbage Nanomaterials Plastic Microplastics Packagingwaste Post-consumerwaste Wastemanagement Landfill Thermaltreatment Space Satellite Thermal Urbanheatisland Visual Airtravel Advertisingclutter Overheadpowerlines Trafficsigns Vandalism War Chemicalwarfare Herbicidalwarfare(AgentOrange) Nuclearholocaust(Nuclearfallout-nuclearfamine-nuclearwinter) Scorchedearth Unexplodedordnance Warandenvironmentallaw Water Agriculturalwastewater Diseases Eutrophication Firewater Freshwater Groundwater Hypoxia Industrialwastewater Marine debris Monitoring Nonpointsource seeMiscsection Nutrient Oceanacidification Oilspill Pharmaceuticals Freshwatersalinization Septictanks Sewage Septictanks Pitlatrine Shipping Stagnation Sulfurwater Surfacerunoff Turbidity Urbanrunoff Waterquality Misc Pointsource Areasource Lists Diseases Lawbycountry Mostpollutedcities Treaties Categories Bycountry  Environmentportal  Ecologyportalvte Anairqualityindex(AQI)isusedbygovernmentagencies[1]tocommunicatetothepublichowpollutedtheaircurrentlyisorhowpolluteditisforecasttobecome.[2][3]AQIinformationisobtainedbyaveragingreadingsfromanairqualitysensor,whichcanincreaseduetovehicletraffic,forestfires,oranythingthatcanincreaseairpollution.Pollutantstestedincludeozone,nitrogendioxide,sulphurdioxide,amongothers. PublichealthrisksincreaseastheAQIrises,especiallyaffectingchildren,theelderly,andindividualswithrespiratoryorcardiovascularissues.Duringthesetimes,governmentalbodiesgenerallyencouragepeopletoreducephysicalactivityoutdoors,orevenavoidgoingoutaltogether.Theuseoffacemaskssuchasclothmasksmayalsoberecommended. Differentcountrieshavetheirownairqualityindices,correspondingtodifferentnationalairqualitystandards.SomeofthesearetheAirQualityHealthIndex(Canada),theAirPollutionIndex(Malaysia),andthePollutantStandardsIndex(Singapore). AnannotatedsatellitephotoshowingsmokefromwildfiresinGreece,givingrisetoanelevatedAQIdownwind Contents 1Overview 2Indicesbylocation 2.1Australia 2.2Canada 2.3China 2.3.1HongKong 2.3.2MainlandChina 2.4Europe 2.4.1CAQI 2.5India 2.6Mexico 2.7Singapore 2.8SouthKorea 2.9UnitedKingdom 2.10UnitedStates 2.10.1ComputingtheAQI 2.10.2PublicavailabilityoftheAQI 2.10.3HistoryoftheAQI 2.11Vietnam 3Seealso 4References 5Externallinks Overview[edit] AnairqualitymeasurementstationinEdinburgh,Scotland ComputationoftheAQIrequiresanairpollutantconcentrationoveraspecifiedaveragingperiod,obtainedfromanairmonitorormodel.Takentogether,concentrationandtimerepresentthedoseoftheairpollutant.Healtheffectscorrespondingtoagivendoseareestablishedbyepidemiologicalresearch.[4]Airpollutantsvaryinpotency,andthefunctionusedtoconvertfromairpollutantconcentrationtoAQIvariesbypollutant.Itsairqualityindexvaluesaretypicallygroupedintoranges.Eachrangeisassignedadescriptor,acolorcode,andastandardizedpublichealthadvisory. TheAQIcanincreaseduetoanincreaseofairemissions.Forexample,duringrushhourtrafficorwhenthereisanupwindforestfireorfromalackofdilutionofairpollutants.Stagnantair,oftencausedbyananticyclone,temperatureinversion,orlowwindspeedsletsairpollutionremaininalocalarea,leadingtohighconcentrationsofpollutants,chemicalreactionsbetweenaircontaminantsandhazyconditions.[5] SignboardinGulfton,Houstonindicatinganozonewatch OnadaywhentheAQIispredictedtobeelevatedduetofineparticlepollution,anagencyorpublichealthorganizationmight: advisesensitivegroups,suchastheelderly,children,andthosewithrespiratoryorcardiovascularproblems,toavoidoutdoorexertion.[6] declarean"actionday"toencouragevoluntarymeasurestoreduceairemissions,suchasusingpublictransportation.[7] recommendtheuseofmaskstokeepfineparticlesfromenteringthelungs[8] Duringaperiodofverypoorairquality,suchasanairpollutionepisode,whentheAQIindicatesthatacuteexposuremaycausesignificantharmtothepublichealth,agenciesmayinvokeemergencyplansthatallowthemtoordermajoremitters(suchascoalburningindustries)tocurtailemissionsuntilthehazardousconditionsabate.[9] MostaircontaminantsdonothaveanassociatedAQI.Manycountriesmonitorground-levelozone,particulates,sulfurdioxide,carbonmonoxideandnitrogendioxide,andcalculateairqualityindicesforthesepollutants.[10] ThedefinitionoftheAQIinaparticularnationreflectsthediscoursesurroundingthedevelopmentofnationalairqualitystandardsinthatnation.[11]Awebsiteallowinggovernmentagenciesanywhereintheworldtosubmittheirreal-timeairmonitoringdatafordisplayusingacommondefinitionoftheairqualityindexhasrecentlybecomeavailable.[12] Indicesbylocation[edit] Australia[edit] EachofthestatesandterritoriesofAustraliaisresponsibleformonitoringairqualityandpublishingdatainaccordancewiththeNationalEnvironmentProtection(AmbientAirQuality)Measure(NEPM)standards.[13] Eachstateandterritorypublishesairqualitydataforindividualmonitoringlocations,andmoststatesandterritoriespublishairqualityindexesforeachmonitoringlocation. AcrossAustralia,aconsistentapproachistakenwithairqualityindexes,usingasimplelinearscalewhere100representsthemaximumconcentrationstandardforeachpollutant,assetbytheNEPM.Thesemaximumconcentrationstandardsare: Pollutant Averagingperiod Maximumconcentrationstandard Carbonmonoxide 8hours 9ppm Nitrogendioxide 1hour 0.12ppm 1year 0.03ppm Ozone 1hour 0.10ppm 4hours 0.08ppm Sulphurdioxide 1hour 0.20ppm 1day 0.08ppm 1year 0.02ppm Lead 1year 0.50μg/m3 PM10 1day 50μg/m3 1year 25μg/m3 PM2.5 1day 25μg/m3 1year 8μg/m3 Theairqualityindex(AQI)foranindividuallocationissimplythehighestoftheairqualityindexvaluesforeachpollutantbeingmonitoredatthatlocation. AQIbands,withhealthadviceforeach:[14] AQI Description Healthadvice 0–33 VeryGood Enjoyactivities 34–66 Good Enjoyactivities 67–99 Fair Peopleunusuallysensitivetoairpollution:Planstrenuousoutdooractivitieswhenairqualityisbetter 100–149 Poor SensitiveGroups:Cutbackorreschedulestrenuousoutdooractivities 150–200 VeryPoor Sensitivegroups:Avoidstrenuousoutdooractivities.Everyone:Cutbackorreschedulestrenuousoutdooractivities 200+ Hazardous Sensitivegroups:Avoidalloutdoorphysicalactivities.Everyone:Significantlycutbackonoutdoorphysicalactivities Canada[edit] Mainarticle:AirQualityHealthIndex(Canada) AirqualityinCanadahasbeenreportedformanyyearswithprovincialAirQualityIndices(AQIs).Significantly,AQIvaluesreflectairqualitymanagementobjectives,whicharebasedonthelowestachievableemissionsrate,ratherthanexclusiveconcernforhumanhealth.TheAirQualityHealthIndex(AQHI)isascaledesignedtohelpunderstandtheimpactofairqualityonhealth.Itisahealthprotectiontoolusedtomakedecisionstoreduceshort-termexposuretoairpollutionbyadjustingactivitylevelsduringincreasedlevelsofairpollution.TheAirQualityHealthIndexalsoprovidesadviceonhowtoimproveairqualitybyproposingabehavioralchangetoreducetheenvironmentalfootprint.Thisindexpaysparticularattentiontopeoplewhoaresensitivetoairpollution.Itprovidesthemwithadviceonhowtoprotecttheirhealthduringairqualitylevelsassociatedwithlow,moderate,highandveryhighhealthrisks. TheAQHIprovidesanumberfrom1to10+toindicatethelevelofhealthriskassociatedwithlocalairquality.Onoccasion,whentheamountofairpollutionisabnormallyhigh,thenumbermayexceed10.TheAQHIprovidesalocalairqualitycurrentvalueaswellasalocalairqualitymaximumsforecastfortoday,tonight,andtomorrow,andprovidesassociatedhealthadvice.[15] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 + Risk: Low(1–3) Moderate(4–6) High(7–10) Veryhigh(above10) HealthRisk AirQualityHealthIndex HealthMessages AtRiskpopulation *GeneralPopulation Low 1–3 Enjoyyourusualoutdooractivities. Idealairqualityforoutdooractivities Moderate 4–6 Considerreducingorreschedulingstrenuousactivitiesoutdoorsifyouareexperiencingsymptoms. Noneedtomodifyyourusualoutdooractivitiesunlessyouexperiencesymptomssuchascoughingandthroatirritation. High 7–10 Reduceorreschedulestrenuousactivitiesoutdoors.Childrenandtheelderlyshouldalsotakeiteasy. Considerreducingorreschedulingstrenuousactivitiesoutdoorsifyouexperiencesymptomssuchascoughingandthroatirritation. Veryhigh Above10 Avoidstrenuousactivitiesoutdoors.Childrenandtheelderlyshouldalsoavoidoutdoorphysicalexertion. Reduceorreschedulestrenuousactivitiesoutdoors,especiallyifyouexperiencesymptomssuchascoughingandthroatirritation. China[edit] HongKong[edit] OnDecember30,2013,HongKongreplacedtheAirPollutionIndexwithanewindexcalledtheAirQualityHealthIndex.[16]Thisindex,reportedbytheEnvironmentalProtectionDepartment,ismeasuredonascaleof1to10+andconsidersfourairpollutants:ozone;nitrogendioxide;sulphurdioxideandparticulatematter(includingPM10andPM2.5).ForanygivenhourtheAQHIiscalculatedfromthesumofthepercentageexcessriskofdailyhospitaladmissionsattributabletothe3-hourmovingaverageconcentrationsofthesefourpollutants.TheAQHIsaregroupedintofiveAQHIhealthriskcategorieswithhealthadviceprovided:[17] Healthriskcategory AQHI Low 1 2 3 Moderate 4 5 6 High 7 VeryHigh 8 9 10 Serious 10+ Eachofthehealthriskcategorieshasadviceassociatedwithit.Atthelowandmoderatelevelsthepublicareadvisedthattheycancontinuenormalactivities.Forthehighcategory,children,theelderlyandpeoplewithheartorrespiratoryillnessesareadvisedtoreduceoutdoorphysicalexertion.Abovethis(veryhighorserious),thegeneralpublicarelikewiseadvisedtoreduceoravoidoutdoorphysicalexertion. MainlandChina[edit] China'sMinistryofEnvironmentalProtection(MEP)isresponsibleformeasuringthelevelofairpollutioninChina.AsofJanuary1,2013,MEPmonitorsdailypollutionlevelin163ofitsmajorcities.TheAQIlevelisbasedonthelevelofsixatmosphericpollutants,namelysulfurdioxide(SO2),nitrogendioxide(NO2),suspendedparticulatessmallerthan10μminaerodynamicdiameter(PM10),[18]suspendedparticulatessmallerthan2.5μminaerodynamicdiameter(PM2.5),[18]carbonmonoxide(CO),andozone(O3)measuredatthemonitoringstationsthroughouteachcity.[19] AQImechanics Anindividualscore(IndividualAirQualityIndex,IAQI)iscalculatedusingbreakpointconcentrationsbelow,andusingsamepiecewiselinearfunctiontocalculateintermediatevaluesastheUSAQIscale.andThefinalAQIvaluecanbecalculatedeitherperhourorper24hoursandisthemaxofthesesixscores.[19] ChineseAQICategoryandpollutantbreakpoints[19] IndividualIndex Unitsareinμg/m3exceptCO,whichisinmg/m3 IAQI SulfurDioxide(SO2)24hourmean SulfurDioxide(SO2)1hourmean（1） NitrogenDioxide(NO2)24hourmean NitrogenDioxide(NO2)1hourmean（1） PM1024hourmean CarbonMonoxide(CO)24hourmean CarbonMonoxide(CO)1hourmean（1） Ozone（O3）1hourmean Ozone（O3）8hourmovingaverage PM2.524hourmean 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 150 40 100 50 2 5 160 100 35 100 150 500 80 200 150 4 10 200 160 75 150 475 650 180 700 250 14 35 300 215 115 200 800 800 280 1200 350 24 60 400 265 150 300 1600 （2） 565 2340 420 36 90 800 800 250 400 2100 （2） 750 3090 500 48 120 1000 (3) 350 500 2620 （2） 940 3840 600 60 150 1200 (3) 500 Notes: (1)SO2,NO2,andCO1houraverageconcentrationsareonlyforrealtimereporting.Fordailyreports,usethe24houraverageconcentrations. (2)IftheSO21hourconcentrationexceeds800μg/m3,usetheindexfromthe24hourconcentrationinstead. (3)IftheO38hourmovingaverageexceeds800μg/m3,usetheindexfromthe1hourconcentrationinstead. Thescoreforeachpollutantisnon-linear,asisthefinalAQIscore.ThusanAQIof300doesnotmeantwicethepollutionofAQIat150,nordoesitmeantheairistwiceasharmful.TheconcentrationofapollutantwhenitsIAQIis100doesnotequaltwiceitsconcentrationwhenitsIAQIis50,nordoesitmeanthepollutantistwiceasharmful.WhileanAQIof50fromday1to182andAQIof100fromday183to365doesprovideanannualaverageof75,itdoesnotmeanthepollutionisacceptableevenifthebenchmarkof100isdeemedsafe.Becausethebenchmarkisa24-hourtarget,andtheannualaveragemustmatchtheannualtarget,itisentirelypossibletohavesafeaireverydayoftheyearbutstillfailtheannualpollutionbenchmark.[19] AQIandhealthimplications(HJ633–2012)[19] AQI AirPollutionLevel AirPollutionCategory HealthImplications RecommendedPrecautions 0–50 Level1 Excellent(优) Nohealthimplications. Everyonecancontinuetheiroutdooractivitiesnormally. 51–100 Level2 Good(良) Somepollutantsmayslightlyaffectveryfewhypersensitiveindividuals. Onlyveryfewhypersensitivepeopleshouldreduceoutdooractivities. 101–150 Level3 LightlyPolluted(轻度污染) Healthypeoplemayexperienceslightirritationsandsensitiveindividualswillbeslightlyaffectedtoalargerextent. Children,seniorsandindividualswithrespiratoryorheartdiseasesshouldreducesustainedandhigh-intensityoutdoorexercises. 151–200 Level4 ModeratelyPolluted(中度污染) Sensitiveindividualswillexperiencemoreseriousconditions.Theheartsandrespiratorysystemsofhealthypeoplemaybeaffected. Children,seniorsandindividualswithrespiratoryorheartdiseasesshouldavoidsustainedandhigh-intensityoutdoorexercises.Generalpopulationshouldmoderatelyreduceoutdooractivities. 201–300 Level5 HeavilyPolluted(重度污染) Healthypeoplewillcommonlyshowsymptoms.Peoplewithrespiratoryorheartdiseaseswillbesignificantlyaffectedandwillexperiencereducedenduranceinactivities. Children,seniorsandindividualswithheartorlungdiseasesshouldstayindoorsandavoidoutdooractivities.Generalpopulationshouldreduceoutdooractivities. >300 Level6 SeverelyPolluted(严重污染) Healthypeoplewillexperiencereducedenduranceinactivitiesandmayalsoshownoticeablystrongsymptoms.Otherillnessesmaybetriggeredinhealthypeople.Eldersandthesickshouldremainindoorsandavoidexercise.Healthyindividualsshouldavoidoutdooractivities. Children,seniorsandthesickshouldstayindoorsandavoidphysicalexertion.Generalpopulationshouldavoidoutdooractivities. Europe[edit] TheCommonAirQualityIndex(CAQI)[20]isanairqualityindexusedinEuropesince2006.[21]InNovember2017,theEuropeanEnvironmentAgencyannouncedtheEuropeanAirQualityIndex(EAQI)andstartedencouragingitsuseonwebsitesandforotherwaysofinformingthepublicaboutairquality.[22] CAQI[edit] Asof2012[update],theEU-supportedprojectCiteairIIarguedthattheCAQIhadbeenevaluatedona"largeset"ofdata,anddescribedtheCAQI'smotivationanddefinition.CiteairIIstatedthathavinganairqualityindexthatwouldbeeasytopresenttothegeneralpublicwasamajormotivation,leavingasidethemorecomplexquestionofahealth-basedindex,whichwouldrequire,forexample,effectsofcombinedlevelsofdifferentpollutants.ThemainaimoftheCAQIwastohaveanindexthatwouldencouragewidecomparisonacrosstheEU,withoutreplacinglocalindices.CiteairIIstatedthatthe"maingoaloftheCAQIisnottowarnpeopleforpossibleadversehealtheffectsofpoorairqualitybuttoattracttheirattentiontourbanairpollutionanditsmainsource(traffic)andhelpthemdecreasetheirexposure."[21] TheCAQIisanumberonascalefrom1to100,wherealowvaluemeansgoodairqualityandahighvaluemeansbadairquality.Theindexisdefinedinbothhourlyanddailyversions,andseparatelynearroads(a"roadside"or"traffic"index)orawayfromroads(a"background"index).Asof2012[update],theCAQIhadtwomandatorycomponentsfortheroadsideindex,NO2andPM10,andthreemandatorycomponentsforthebackgroundindex,NO2,PM10andO3.ItalsoincludedoptionalpollutantsPM2.5,COandSO2.A"sub-index"iscalculatedforeachofthemandatory(andoptionalifavailable)components.TheCAQIisdefinedasthesub-indexthatrepresentstheworstqualityamongthosecomponents.[21] Someofthekeypollutantconcentrationsinμg/m3forthehourlybackgroundindex,thecorrespondingsub-indices,andfiveCAQIrangesandverbaldescriptionsareasfollows.[21] Qualitativename Indexorsub-index Pollutant(hourly)concentration NO2μg/m3 PM10μg/m3 O3μg/m3 PM2.5(optional)μg/m3 Verylow 0–25 0–50 0–25 0–60 0–15 Low 25–50 50–100 25–50 60–120 15–30 Medium 50–75 100–200 50–90 120–180 30–55 High 75–100 200–400 90–180 180–240 55–110 Veryhigh >100 >400 >180 >240 >110 FrequentlyupdatedCAQIvaluesandmapsareshownonwww.airqualitynow.eu[23]andotherwebsites.[20]AseparateYearAverageCommonAirQualityIndex(YACAQI)isalsodefined,inwhichdifferentpollutantsub-indicesareseparatelynormalisedtoavaluetypicallynearunity.Forexample,theyearlyaveragesofNO2,PM10andPM2.5aredividedby40μg/m3,40μg/m3and20μg/m3,respectively.TheoverallbackgroundortrafficYACAQIforacityisthearithmeticmeanofadefinedsubsetofthesesub-indices.[21] India[edit] TheNationalAirQualityIndex(AQI)waslaunchedinNewDelhionSeptember17,2014,undertheSwachhBharatAbhiyan.[24][25][26][27] TheCentralPollutionControlBoardalongwithStatePollutionControlBoardshasbeenoperatingNationalAirMonitoringProgram(NAMP)covering240citiesofthecountryhavingmorethan342monitoringstations.[28]AnExpertGroupcomprisingmedicalprofessionals,airqualityexperts,academia,advocacygroups,andSPCBswasconstitutedandatechnicalstudywasawardedtoIITKanpur.IITKanpurandtheExpertGrouprecommendedanAQIschemein2014.[29]Whiletheearliermeasuringindexwaslimitedtothreeindicators,thenewindexmeasureseightparameters.[30]Thecontinuousmonitoringsystemsthatprovidedataonnearreal-timebasisareinstalledinNewDelhi,Mumbai,Pune,KolkataandAhmedabad.[31] TherearesixAQIcategories,namelyGood,Satisfactory,Moderate,Poor,Severe,andHazardous.TheproposedAQIwillconsidereightpollutants(PM10,PM2.5,NO2,SO2,CO,O3,NH3,andPb)forwhichshort-term(upto24-hourlyaveragingperiod)NationalAmbientAirQualityStandardsareprescribed.[32]Basedonthemeasuredambientconcentrations,correspondingstandardsandlikelyhealthimpact,asub-indexiscalculatedforeachofthesepollutants.Theworstsub-indexreflectsoverallAQI.LikelyhealthimpactsfordifferentAQIcategoriesandpollutantshavealsobeensuggested,withprimaryinputsfromthemedicalexpertsinthegroup.TheAQIvaluesandcorrespondingambientconcentrations(healthbreakpoints)aswellasassociatedlikelyhealthimpactsfortheidentifiedeightpollutantsareasfollows: AQICategory,PollutantsandHealthBreakpoints AQICategory(Range) PM10(24hr) PM2.5(24hr) NO2(24hr) O3(8hr) CO(8hr) SO2(24hr) NH3(24hr) Pb(24hr) Good(0–50) 0–50 0–30 0–40 0–50 0–1.0 0–40 0–200 0–0.5 Satisfactory(51–100) 51–100 31–60 41–80 51–100 1.1–2.0 41–80 201–400 0.5–1.0 Moderate(101–200) 101–250 61–90 81–180 101–168 2.1–10 81–380 401–800 1.1–2.0 Poor(201–300) 251–350 91–120 181–280 169–208 10–17 381–800 801–1200 2.1–3.0 Severe(301–400) 351–430 121–250 281–400 209–748 17–34 801–1600 1200–1800 3.1–3.5 Hazardous(401+) 430+ 250+ 400+ 748+ 34+ 1600+ 1800+ 3.5+ AQI AssociatedHealthImpacts Good(0–50) Minimalimpact Satisfactory(51–100) Maycauseminorbreathingdiscomforttosensitivepeople. Moderate(101–200) Maycausebreathingdiscomforttopeoplewithlungdiseasesuchasasthma,anddiscomforttopeoplewithheartdisease,childrenandolderadults. Poor(201–300) Maycausebreathingdiscomforttopeopleonprolongedexposure,anddiscomforttopeoplewithheartdisease. Severe(301–400) Maycauserespiratoryillnesstothepeopleonprolongedexposure.Effectmaybemorepronouncedinpeoplewithlungandheartdiseases. Hazardous(401+) Maycauserespiratoryimpactevenonhealthypeople,andserioushealthimpactsonpeoplewithlung/heartdisease.Thehealthimpactsmaybeexperiencedevenduringlightphysicalactivity. Mexico[edit] Mainarticle:ÍndiceMetropolitanodelaCalidaddelAire TheairqualityinMexicoCityisreportedinIMECAs.TheIMECAiscalculatedusingthemeasurementsofaveragetimesofthechemicalsozone(O3),sulphurdioxide(SO2),nitrogendioxide(NO2),carbonmonoxide(CO),particlessmallerthan2.5micrometers(PM2.5),andparticlessmallerthan10micrometers(PM10).[33] Singapore[edit] SingaporeusesthePollutantStandardsIndextoreportonitsairquality,[34]withdetailsofthecalculationsimilarbutnotidenticaltothoseusedinMalaysiaandHongKong.[35] ThePSIchartbelowisgroupedbyindexvaluesanddescriptors,accordingtotheNationalEnvironmentAgency.[36] PSI Descriptor GeneralHealthEffects 0–50 Good None 51–100 Moderate Fewornoneforthegeneralpopulation 101–200 Unhealthy Mildaggravationofsymptomsamongsusceptiblepersonsi.e.thosewithunderlyingconditionssuchaschronicheartorlungailments;transientsymptomsofirritatione.g.eyeirritation,sneezingorcoughinginsomeofthehealthypopulation. 201–300 VeryUnhealthy Moderateaggravationofsymptomsanddecreasedtoleranceinpersonswithheartorlungdisease;morewidespreadsymptomsoftransientirritationinthehealthypopulation. 301–400 Severe Earlyonsetofcertaindiseasesinadditiontosignificantaggravationofsymptomsinsusceptiblepersons;anddecreasedexercisetoleranceinhealthypersons. Above400 Hazardous PSIlevelsabove400maybelife-threateningtoillandelderlypersons.Healthypeoplemayexperienceadversesymptomsthataffectnormalactivity. SouthKorea[edit] TheMinistryofEnvironmentofSouthKoreausestheComprehensiveAir-qualityIndex(CAI)todescribetheambientairqualitybasedonthehealthrisksofairpollution.Theindexaimstohelpthepubliceasilyunderstandtheairqualityandprotectpeople'shealth.TheCAIisonascalefrom0to500,whichisdividedintosixcategories.ThehighertheCAIvalue,thegreaterthelevelofairpollution. Ofvaluesofthefiveairpollutants,thehighestistheCAIvalue.Theindexalsohasassociatedhealtheffectsandacolourrepresentationofthecategoriesasshownbelow.[37] CAI Description HealthImplications 0–50 Good(좋음) Alevelthatwillnotimpactpatientswithdiseasesrelatedtoairpollution. 51–100 Moderate(보통) Alevelthatmayhaveameagerimpactonpatientsincaseofchronicexposure. 101–250 Unhealthy(나쁨) Alevelthatmayhaveharmfulimpactsonpatientsandmembersofsensitivegroups(children,agedorweakpeople),andalsocausethegeneralpublicunpleasantfeelings. 251–500 Veryunhealthy(매우나쁨) Alevelthatmayhaveaseriousimpactonpatientsandmembersofsensitivegroupsincaseofacuteexposure. TheNSeoulToweronNamsanMountainincentralSeoul,SouthKorea,isilluminatedinblue,fromsunsetto23:00and22:00inwinter,ondayswheretheairqualityinSeoulis45orless.Duringthespringof2012,theTowerwaslitupfor52days,whichisfourdaysmorethanin2011.[38] UnitedKingdom[edit] ThemostcommonlyusedairqualityindexintheUKistheDailyAirQualityIndexrecommendedbytheCommitteeontheMedicalEffectsofAirPollutants(COMEAP).[39]Thisindexhastenpoints,whicharefurthergroupedintofourbands:low,moderate,highandveryhigh.Eachofthebandscomeswithadviceforat-riskgroupsandthegeneralpopulation.[40] Airpollutionbanding Value HealthmessagesforAt-riskindividuals HealthmessagesforGeneralpopulation Low 1–3 Enjoyyourusualoutdooractivities. Enjoyyourusualoutdooractivities. Moderate 4–6 Adultsandchildrenwithlungproblems,andadultswithheartproblems,whoexperiencesymptoms,shouldconsiderreducingstrenuousphysicalactivity,particularlyoutdoors. Enjoyyourusualoutdooractivities. High 7–9 Adultsandchildrenwithlungproblems,andadultswithheartproblems,shouldreducestrenuousphysicalexertion,particularlyoutdoors,andparticularlyiftheyexperiencesymptoms.Peoplewithasthmamayfindtheyneedtousetheirrelieverinhalermoreoften.Olderpeopleshouldalsoreducephysicalexertion. Anyoneexperiencingdiscomfortsuchassoreeyes,coughorsorethroatshouldconsiderreducingactivity,particularlyoutdoors. VeryHigh 10 Adultsandchildrenwithlungproblems,adultswithheartproblems,andolderpeople,shouldavoidstrenuousphysicalactivity.Peoplewithasthmamayfindtheyneedtousetheirrelieverinhalermoreoften. Reducephysicalexertion,particularlyoutdoors,especiallyifyouexperiencesymptomssuchascoughorsorethroat. Theindexisbasedontheconcentrationsoffivepollutants.Theindexiscalculatedfromtheconcentrationsofthefollowingpollutants:Ozone,NitrogenDioxide,SulphurDioxide,PM2.5(particleswithanaerodynamicdiameterlessthan2.5μm)andPM10.Thebreakpointsbetweenindexvaluesaredefinedforeachpollutantseparatelyandtheoverallindexisdefinedasthemaximumvalueoftheindex.Differentaveragingperiodsareusedfordifferentpollutants.[40] Index Ozone,Running8hourlymean(μg/m3) NitrogenDioxide,Hourlymean(μg/m3) SulphurDioxide,15minutemean(μg/m3) PM2.5Particles,24hourmean(μg/m3) PM10Particles,24hourmean(μg/m3) 1 0–33 0–67 0–88 0–11 0–16 2 34–66 68–134 89–177 12–23 17–33 3 67–100 135–200 178–266 24–35 34–50 4 101–120 201–267 267–354 36–41 51–58 5 121–140 268–334 355–443 42–47 59–66 6 141–160 335–400 444–532 48–53 67–75 7 161–187 401–467 533–710 54–58 76–83 8 188-213 468–534 711–887 59–64 84–91 9 214–240 535–600 888–1064 65–70 92–100 10 ≥241 ≥601 ≥1065 ≥71 ≥101 UnitedStates[edit] PM2.524-HourAQILoop,CourtesyUSEPA TheUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)hasdevelopedanAirQualityIndexthatisusedtoreportairquality.ThisAQIisdividedintosixcategoriesindicatingincreasinglevelsofhealthconcern.AnAQIvalueover300representshazardousairqualityandbelow50theairqualityisgood.[10] AirQualityIndex(AQI)Values LevelsofHealthConcern Colors 0to50 Good Green 51to100 Moderate Yellow 101to150 UnhealthyforSensitiveGroups Orange 151to200 Unhealthy Red 201to300 VeryUnhealthy Purple 301to500 Hazardous Maroon TheAQIisbasedonthefive"criteria"pollutantsregulatedundertheCleanAirAct:ground-levelozone,particulatematter,carbonmonoxide,sulfurdioxide,andnitrogendioxide.TheEPAhasestablishedNationalAmbientAirQualityStandards(NAAQS)foreachofthesepollutantsinordertoprotectpublichealth.AnAQIvalueof100generallycorrespondstotheleveloftheNAAQSforthepollutant.[10]TheCleanAirAct(USA)(1990)requirestheEPAtoreviewitsNationalAmbientAirQualityStandardseveryfiveyearstoreflectevolvinghealtheffectsinformation.TheAirQualityIndexisadjustedperiodicallytoreflectthesechanges. ComputingtheAQI[edit] Theairqualityindexisapiecewiselinearfunctionofthepollutantconcentration.AttheboundarybetweenAQIcategories,thereisadiscontinuousjumpofoneAQIunit.ToconvertfromconcentrationtoAQIthisequationisused:[41] I = I h i g h − I l o w C h i g h − C l o w ( C − C l o w ) + I l o w {\displaystyleI={\frac{I_{high}-I_{low}}{C_{high}-C_{low}}}(C-C_{low})+I_{low}} (Ifmultiplepollutantsaremeasured,thecalculatedAQIisthehighestvaluecalculatedfromtheaboveequationappliedforeachpollutant.) where: I {\displaystyleI} =the(AirQuality)index, C {\displaystyleC} =thepollutantconcentration, C l o w {\displaystyleC_{low}} =theconcentrationbreakpointthatis≤ C {\displaystyleC} , C h i g h {\displaystyleC_{high}} =theconcentrationbreakpointthatis≥ C {\displaystyleC} , I l o w {\displaystyleI_{low}} =theindexbreakpointcorrespondingto C l o w {\displaystyleC_{low}} , I h i g h {\displaystyleI_{high}} =theindexbreakpointcorrespondingto C h i g h {\displaystyleC_{high}} . TheEPA'stableofbreakpointsis:[42][43][44] O3(ppb) O3(ppb) PM2.5(μg/m3) PM10(μg/m3) CO(ppm) SO2(ppb) NO2(ppb) AQI AQI Clow–Chigh(avg) Clow–Chigh(avg) Clow–Chigh(avg) Clow–Chigh(avg) Clow–Chigh(avg) Clow–Chigh(avg) Clow–Chigh(avg) Ilow–Ihigh Category 0–54(8-hr) — 0.0–12.0(24-hr) 0–54(24-hr) 0.0–4.4(8-hr) 0–35(1-hr) 0–53(1-hr) 0–50 Good 55–70(8-hr) — 12.1–35.4(24-hr) 55–154(24-hr) 4.5–9.4(8-hr) 36–75(1-hr) 54–100(1-hr) 51–100 Moderate 71–85(8-hr) 125–164(1-hr) 35.5–55.4(24-hr) 155–254(24-hr) 9.5–12.4(8-hr) 76–185(1-hr) 101–360(1-hr) 101–150 UnhealthyforSensitiveGroups 86–105(8-hr) 165–204(1-hr) 55.5–150.4(24-hr) 255–354(24-hr) 12.5–15.4(8-hr) 186–304(1-hr) 361–649(1-hr) 151–200 Unhealthy 106–200(8-hr) 205–404(1-hr) 150.5–250.4(24-hr) 355–424(24-hr) 15.5–30.4(8-hr) 305–604(24-hr) 650–1249(1-hr) 201–300 VeryUnhealthy — 405–504(1-hr) 250.5–350.4(24-hr) 425–504(24-hr) 30.5–40.4(8-hr) 605–804(24-hr) 1250–1649(1-hr) 301–400 Hazardous — 505–604(1-hr) 350.5–500.4(24-hr) 505–604(24-hr) 40.5–50.4(8-hr) 805–1004(24-hr) 1650–2049(1-hr) 401–500 Supposeamonitorrecordsa24-houraveragefineparticle(PM2.5)concentrationof26.4microgramspercubicmeter.TheequationaboveresultsinanAQIof: 100 − 51 35.4 − 12.1 ( 26.4 − 12.1 ) + 51 = 81.073 {\displaystyle{\frac{100-51}{35.4-12.1}}(26.4-12.1)+51=81.073} whichroundstoindexvalueof81,correspondingtoairqualityinthe"Moderate"range.[45]ToconvertanairpollutantconcentrationtoanAQI,EPAhasdevelopedacalculator.[46] Ifmultiplepollutantsaremeasuredatamonitoringsite,thenthelargestor"dominant"AQIvalueisreportedforthelocation.TheozoneAQIbetween100and300iscomputedbyselectingthelargeroftheAQIcalculatedwitha1-hourozonevalueandtheAQIcomputedwiththe8-hourozonevalue. Eight-hourozoneaveragesdonotdefineAQIvaluesgreaterthan300;AQIvaluesof301orgreaterarecalculatedwith1-hourozoneconcentrations.1-hourSO2valuesdonotdefinehigherAQIvaluesgreaterthan200.AQIvaluesof201orgreaterarecalculatedwith24-hourSO2concentrations. Real-timemonitoringdatafromcontinuousmonitorsaretypicallyavailableas1-houraverages.However,computationoftheAQIforsomepollutantsrequiresaveragingovermultiplehoursofdata.(Forexample,calculationoftheozoneAQIrequirescomputationofan8-houraverageandcomputationofthePM2.5orPM10AQIrequiresa24-houraverage.)Toaccuratelyreflectthecurrentairquality,themulti-houraverageusedfortheAQIcomputationshouldbecenteredonthecurrenttime,butasconcentrationsoffuturehoursareunknownandaredifficulttoestimateaccurately,EPAusessurrogateconcentrationstoestimatethesemulti-houraverages.ForreportingthePM2.5,PM10andozoneairqualityindices,thissurrogateconcentrationiscalledtheNowCast.TheNowcastisaparticulartypeofweightedaveragethatprovidesmoreweighttothemostrecentairqualitydatawhenairpollutionlevelsarechanging.[47][48]ThereisafreeemailsubscriptionserviceforNewYorkinhabitants–AirNYC.[49]SubscribersgetnotificationsaboutthechangesintheAQIvaluesfortheselectedlocation(e.g.homeaddress),basedonairqualityconditions. PublicavailabilityoftheAQI[edit] Aglobalairqualitymap Realtimemonitoringdataandforecastsofairqualitythatarecolor-codedintermsoftheairqualityindexareavailablefromEPA'sAirNowwebsite.[50]Otherorganizationsprovidemonitoringformembersofsensitivegroupssuchasasthmatics,childrenandadultsovertheageof65.[51]HistoricalairmonitoringdataincludingAQIchartsandmapsareavailableatEPA'sAirDatawebsite.[52]DetailedmapaboutcurrentAQIlevelanditstwo-dayforecastisavailablefromAerostatewebsite.[53] HistoryoftheAQI[edit] TheAQImadeitsdebutin1968,whentheNationalAirPollutionControlAdministrationundertookaninitiativetodevelopanairqualityindexandtoapplythemethodologytoMetropolitanStatisticalAreas.Theimpetuswastodrawpublicattentiontotheissueofairpollutionandindirectlypushresponsiblelocalpublicofficialstotakeactiontocontrolsourcesofpollutionandenhanceairqualitywithintheirjurisdictions. JackFensterstock,theheadoftheNationalInventoryofAirPollutionEmissionsandControlBranch,wastaskedtoleadthedevelopmentofthemethodologyandtocompiletheairqualityandemissionsdatanecessarytotestandcalibrateresultantindices.[54] Theinitialiterationoftheairqualityindexusedstandardizedambientpollutantconcentrationstoyieldindividualpollutantindices.Theseindiceswerethenweightedandsummedtoformasingletotalairqualityindex.Theoverallmethodologycoulduseconcentrationsthataretakenfromambientmonitoringdataorarepredictedbymeansofadiffusionmodel.Theconcentrationswerethenconvertedintoastandardstatisticaldistributionwithapresetmeanandstandarddeviation.Theresultantindividualpollutantindicesareassumedtobeequallyweighted,althoughvaluesotherthanunitycanbeused.Likewise,theindexcanincorporateanynumberofpollutantsalthoughitwasonlyusedtocombineSOx,CO,andTSPbecauseofalackofavailabledataforotherpollutants. Whilethemethodologywasdesignedtoberobust,thepracticalapplicationforallmetropolitanareasprovedtobeinconsistentduetothepaucityofambientairqualitymonitoringdata,lackofagreementonweightingfactors,andnon-uniformityofairqualitystandardsacrossgeographicalandpoliticalboundaries.Despitetheseissues,thepublicationoflistsrankingmetropolitanareasachievedthepublicpolicyobjectivesandledtothefuturedevelopmentofimprovedindicesandtheirroutineapplication. Vietnam[edit] OnNovember12,2019,VietnamEnvironmentAdministrationissuedDecisionNo.1459/QD-TCMTonpromulgatingTechnicalGuidelinesforcalculationandpublicationofVietnamAirQualityIndex(VN_AQI).[55] AQIrange Airquality Color 0-50 Good(Tốt) Green 51-100 Moderate(Trungbình) Yellow 101-150 Bad(Kém) Orange 151-200 Unhealthy(Xấu) Red 201-300 Veryunhealthy(Rấtxấu) Purple 301-500 Hazardous(Nguyhại) Brown Seealso[edit] Environmentportal Airpollution Airpollutionmeasurement Indoorairquality Airpollutionforecasting References[edit] ^"InternationalAirQuality".Archivedfromtheoriginalon12June2018.Retrieved20August2015. ^"NOAA'sNationalWeatherService/EnvironmentalProtectionAgency-UnitedStatesAirQualityForecastGuidance".airquality.weather.gov.Retrieved2021-04-28. ^"MACCProject-EuropeanAirQualityMonitoringandForecasting".Archivedfromtheoriginalon2014-10-18.Retrieved2014-10-12. ^"Step2-Dose-ResponseAssessment".26September2013.Retrieved20August2015. ^Myanmargovernment(2007)."Haze".Archivedfromtheoriginalon27January2007.Retrieved2007-02-11. ^"AirQualityIndex-AmericanLungAssociation".AmericanLungAssociation.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28August2015.Retrieved20August2015. ^"SparetheAir-SummerSparetheAir".Archivedfromtheoriginalon11June2018.Retrieved20August2015. ^"FAQ:Useofmasksandavailabilityofmasks".Archivedfromtheoriginalon2018-06-22.Retrieved20August2015. ^A.ScottVoorhees(24June2014).USExperienceonEmergencyResponseSystem(PDF).10thChinaCityAirQualityManagementWorkshopCleanAirAsia&MinistryofEnvironmentalProtection.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on2014-09-03.Retrieved2014-09-25. ^abc"AirQualityIndex(AQI)-AGuidetoAirQualityandYourHealth".USEPA.9December2011.Archivedfromtheoriginalon18June2018.Retrieved8August2012. ^JayTimmons(13August2014)."TheEPA'sLatestThreattoEconomicGrowth".WSJ.Retrieved20August2015. ^"WorldAirQualityIndex".Retrieved20August2015. ^"NationalEnvironmentProtection(AmbientAirQuality)Measure".Retrieved1January2020. ^"AbouttheAirQualityIndex(NSW)".Retrieved1January2020. ^"EnvironmentCanada-Air-AQHIcategoriesandexplanations".Ec.gc.ca.2008-04-16.Retrieved2011-11-11. ^Hsu,Angel."China'snewAirQualityIndex:Howdoesitmeasureup?".ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJuly17,2013.Retrieved8February2014. ^"AirQualityHealthIndex".GovernmentoftheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion.Retrieved9February2014. ^ab"环境空气质量标准"[AmbientAirQualityStandards](PDF).MinistryofEnvironmentalProtectionofthePeople'sRepublicofChina(inChinese).2012-03-02.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on2017-07-21.Retrieved2018-02-02. ^abcde"环境空气质量指数(AQI)技术规定(试行)"[TechnicalRegulationonAmbientAirQualityIndex(ontrial)](PDF).MinistryofEnvironmentalProtectionofthePeople'sRepublicofChina(inChinese).2012-03-02.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on2018-08-30.Retrieved2018-02-02. ^ab"Indicesdefinition".Airquality.Retrieved9August2012. ^abcdeCiteairII—CommonInformationtoEuropeanAir(2012-07-09)."CAQIAirqualityindex—ComparingUrbanAirQualityacrossBorders–2012"(PDF).Archived(PDF)fromtheoriginalon2016-02-22.Retrieved2018-02-18. ^"EuropeanAirQualityIndex:currentairqualityinformationatyourfingertips".EuropeanEnvironmentAgency.2017-11-16.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2017-12-24.Retrieved2018-02-19. ^"Home".airqualitynow.eu. ^RamaLakshmi(October17,2014)."IndialaunchesitsownAirQualityIndex.Canitsnumbersbetrusted?".WashingtonPost.RetrievedAugust20,2015. ^"NationalAirQualityIndex(AQI)launchedbytheEnvironmentMinisterAQIisahugeinitiativeunder'SwachhBharat'AQItoactas'OneNumber-OneColour-OneDescription'tojudgetheAirQualit".BusinessStandardIndia.17October2014. ^"AirQualityIndexinIndia:Whenitwassetupandhowitismeasured".Firstpost.17November2021. ^"NationalAirQualityIndex(AQI)launchedbytheEnvironmentMinisterAQIisahugeinitiativeunder'SwachhBharat'".pib.gov.in. ^"AmbientAirQualityMonitoringStations".2016-08-15.Retrieved2016-08-16. ^"IndianAirQualityIndex".Archivedfromtheoriginalon2014-11-07.Retrieved2014-10-21. ^"NationalAirQualityIndex(AQI)launchedbytheEnvironmentMinisterAQIisahugeinitiativeunder'SwachhBharat'".Retrieved20August2015. ^"Indialaunchesindextomeasureairquality".timesofindia-economictimes.Retrieved20August2015. ^":::CentralPollutionControlBoard :::".Retrieved20August2015. ^"DireccióndeMonitoreoAtmosférico".www.aire.cdmx.gob.mx.Retrieved2016-06-15. ^"MEWR-KeyEnvironmentStatistics-CleanAir".App.mewr.gov.sg.2011-06-08.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2011-10-09.Retrieved2011-11-11. ^"NationalEnvironmentAgency-CalculationofPSI"(PDF).Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on2013-05-15.Retrieved2012-06-15. ^"NationalEnvironmentAgency".App2.nea.gov.sg.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2011-11-25.Retrieved2011-11-11. ^"What'sCAI".AirKorea.Archivedfromtheoriginalon22June2018.Retrieved25October2015. ^"ImprovedAirQualityReflectedinNSeoulTower".ChosunIlbo.18May2012.Archivedfromtheoriginalon4March2014.Retrieved29July2012. ^COMEAP."ReviewoftheUKAirQualityIndex".COMEAPwebsite.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2011-11-15. ^ab"DailyAirQualityIndex".AirUKWebsite.Defra. ^TechnicalAssistanceDocumentfortheReportingofDailyAirQuality–theAirQualityIndex(AQI)(PDF)(Report).U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.May2016.EPA-454/B-16-002.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on2020-10-26.Retrieved2020-08-20. ^DavidMintz(September2018).TechnicalAssistanceDocumentfortheReportingofDailyAirQuality–theAirQualityIndex(AQI)(PDF).NorthCarolina:USEPAOfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards.EPA-454/B-18-007.Retrieved15September2021. ^RevisedAirQualityStandardsForParticlePollutionAndUpdatesToTheAirQualityIndex(AQI)(PDF).NorthCarolina:USEPAOfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards.2013. ^"ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCY40CFRParts50,51,52,53and58[EPA-HQ-OAR-2008-0699;FRL-9913-18-OAR]RIN2060-AP38–NationalAmbientAirQualityStandardsforOzone"(PDF). :EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on2015-10-06.Retrieved2015-10-05. ^"HowdoestheEPAmeasureairquality?".www.purakamasks.com.2019-02-06.Retrieved2019-02-11. ^"AQICalculator".Retrieved7October2018. ^"AirNowAPIDocumentation".Retrieved20August2015. ^"Howareyourozonemapscalculated?".Archivedfromtheoriginalon21August2015.Retrieved20August2015. ^"AirNYC-AirqualityinNewYork.Online".Archivedfromtheoriginalon22May2017.Retrieved10August2017. ^"AirNow".Archivedfromtheoriginalon24November2005.Retrieved9August2012.. ^"AirQualityLookupforChildren,SeniorsandSensitiveGroups".www.cleanairresources.com.Retrieved2019-09-19. ^"AirData".USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.8July2014.Retrieved20August2015. ^"AerostateAQImap".aerostate.io.Archivedfromtheoriginalon15February2018.Retrieved13February2018. ^J.CFensterstocketal.,"TheDevelopmentandUtilizationofanAirQualityIndex,"PaperNo.69–73,presentedatthe62ndAnnualMeetingoftheAirPollutionControlAdministration,June1969. ^"TổngcụcMôitrườngbanhànhHướngdẫnkỹthuậttínhtoánvàcôngbốchỉsốchấtlượngkhôngkhíViệtNam". Externallinks[edit] Someofthefollowingwebsitesdisplayactivelyupdatedairqualityindexmaps;othersarearchivedversionsofinactivewebsites: Global: WorldwideAirPollution:Real-timeAirQualityIndexVisualMap Europe: CAQI-AirqualityNow EAQI-EuropeanEnvironmentAgency TheUKAirQualityArchive NorthAmerica: AQIatairnow.gov-cross-agencyU.S.Governmentsite NewMexicoAirQualityandAPIdata-ExampleofhowNewMexicoEnvironmentDepartmentpublishestheirAirQualityandAPIdata. AQIatMeteorologicalServiceofCanada SanFranciscoBayAreaSpare-the-Air-AQIexplanation Asia: CAIatAirkorea.or.kr-websiteofSouthKoreaEnvironmentalManagementCorp. APIatJAS(MalaysianDepartmentofEnvironment) MalaysiaAirPollutionIndex(inactiveasof19 February 2018[update]) APIatHongKong-EnvironmentalProtectionDepartmentoftheGovernmentoftheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion(inactiveasof19 February 2018[update]) AQIinThailand AQIinVietnam AQIinHanoi UnofficialPM25AQIinHanoi,Vietnam vtePollutionAir Acidrain Airqualityindex Atmosphericdispersionmodeling Chlorofluorocarbon Exhaustgas Haze Indoorair Internalcombustionengine Globaldimming Globaldistillation Ozonedepletion Particulates Persistentorganicpollutant Smog Aerosol Soot Volatileorganiccompound Biological Biologicalhazard Geneticpollution Introducedspecies(Invasivespecies) Digital Informationpollution Electromagnetic Light Ecologicallightpollution Overillumination Radiospectrumpollution Natural Ozone Radiumandradonintheenvironment Volcanicash Wildfire Noise Transportation Land Water Air Rail Sustainabletransport Urban Sonar Marinemammalsandsonar Industrial Military Abstract Noisecontrol Radiation 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