Francis Fukuyama - Wikipedia

Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama (/ˌfuːkuːˈjɑːmə, -kəˈ-/; born October 27, 1952) is an American political scientist, political economist, and writer. FrancisFukuyama FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Americanpoliticalscientist,politicaleconomist,andauthor FrancisFukuyamaFukuyamain2015Born(1952-10-27)October27,1952(age 69)Chicago,Illinois,U.SAlma materCornellUniversity(BA)HarvardUniversity(PhD)Spouse(s)LauraHolmgrenChildren3Era20th-centuryphilosophyRegionWesternphilosophyInstitutionsGeorgeMasonUniversity[1]JohnsHopkinsUniversityStanfordUniversityMaininterestsDevelopingnationsGovernanceInternationalpoliticaleconomyNation-buildinganddemocratizationStrategicandsecurityissuesNotableideasEndofhistory Influences Aristotle,KarlMarx,SigmundFreud,CharlesDarwin,FriedrichNietzsche,C.S.Lewis,AllanBloom,Hegel,SamuelP.Huntington,AlexandreKojève,HarveyMansfield,LeoStrauss,SeymourMartinLipset Websitefukuyama.stanford.edu YoshihiroFrancisFukuyama(/ˌfuːkuːˈjɑːmə,-kəˈ-/;bornOctober27,1952)isanAmericanpoliticalscientist,politicaleconomist,andwriter. FukuyamaisknownforhisbookTheEndofHistoryandtheLastMan(1992),whicharguesthattheworldwidespreadofliberaldemocraciesandfree-marketcapitalismoftheWestanditslifestylemaysignaltheendpointofhumanity'ssocioculturalevolutionandpoliticalstruggleandbecomethefinalformofhumangovernment,anassessmentmetwithcriticisms.[2]InhissubsequentbookTrust:SocialVirtuesandCreationofProsperity(1995),hemodifiedhisearlierpositiontoacknowledgethatculturecannotbecleanlyseparatedfromeconomics.Fukuyamaisalsoassociatedwiththeriseoftheneoconservativemovement,[3]fromwhichhehassincedistancedhimself.[4] FukuyamahasbeenaseniorfellowattheFreemanSpogliInstituteforInternationalStudiessinceJuly2010andtheMosbacherDirectoroftheCenteronDemocracy,DevelopmentandtheRuleofLawatStanfordUniversity.[5]InAugust2019,hewasnameddirectoroftheFordDorseyMaster'sinInternationalPolicyatStanford.[6] Beforethat,heservedasaprofessoranddirectoroftheInternationalDevelopmentprogramattheSchoolofAdvancedInternationalStudiesofJohnsHopkinsUniversity.Previously,hewasOmerL.andNancyHirstProfessorofPublicPolicyattheSchoolofPublicPolicyatGeorgeMasonUniversity.[5] HeisacouncilmemberoftheInternationalForumforDemocraticStudiesfoundedbytheNationalEndowmentforDemocracyandwasamemberofthePoliticalScienceDepartmentoftheRANDCorporation.[7]Heisalsooneofthe25leadingfiguresontheInformationandDemocracyCommissionlaunchedbyReportersWithoutBorders.[8] Contents 1Earlylife 2Education 3Scholarship 3.1TheEndofHistoryandtheLastMan 3.2TheOriginsofPoliticalOrder 3.3PoliticalOrderandPoliticalDecay 3.4Otherworks 4Politicalviews 4.1Neoconservatism 4.2Currentviews 4.3ViewsfollowingRussianinvasionofUkraine 5Affiliations 6Personallife 7Selectedbibliography 7.1Scholarlyworks 7.2Books 7.3Essays 8Seealso 9References 10Externallinks Earlylife[edit] FrancisFukuyamawasbornintheHydeParkneighborhoodofChicago,Illinois,UnitedStates.HispaternalgrandfatherfledtheRusso-JapaneseWarin1905andstartedashoponthewestcoastbeforebeinginternedintheSecondWorldWar.[9]Hisfather,YoshioFukuyama,asecond-generationJapaneseAmerican,wastrainedasaministerintheCongregationalChurch,receivedadoctorateinsociologyfromtheUniversityofChicago,andtaughtreligiousstudies.[10][11][12]Hismother,ToshikoKawataFukuyama(河田敏子),wasborninKyoto,Japan,andwasthedaughterofShiroKawata(河田嗣郎),founderoftheEconomicsDepartmentofKyotoUniversityandfirstpresidentofOsakaCityUniversity.[13]FrancisgrewupinManhattanasanonlychild,hadlittlecontactwithJapaneseculture,anddidnotlearnJapanese.[10][11]HisfamilymovedtoStateCollege,Pennsylvania,in1967.[13] Education[edit] FrancisFukuyamaparticipatinginanightowlsessioninTbilisi,Georgia. FukuyamareceivedhisBachelorofArtsdegreeinclassicsfromCornellUniversity,wherehestudiedpoliticalphilosophyunderAllanBloom.[11][14]HeinitiallypursuedgraduatestudiesincomparativeliteratureatYaleUniversity,goingtoParisforsixmonthstostudyunderRolandBarthesandJacquesDerridabutbecamedisillusionedandswitchedtopoliticalscienceatHarvardUniversity.[11]There,hestudiedwithSamuelP.HuntingtonandHarveyMansfield,amongothers.HeearnedhisPh.D.inpoliticalscienceatHarvardforhisthesisonSovietthreatstointerveneintheMiddleEast.[11][14]In1979,hejoinedtheglobalpolicythinktankRANDCorporation.[11] FukuyamalivedattheTellurideHouseandhasbeenaffiliatedwiththeTellurideAssociationsincehisundergraduateyearsatCornell.Tellurideisaneducationenterprisethathasbeenhometoothersignificantleadersandintellectuals,includingStevenWeinberg,PaulWolfowitzandKathleenSullivan. FukuyamawastheOmerL.andNancyHirstProfessorofPublicPolicyintheSchoolofPublicPolicyatGeorgeMasonUniversityfrom1996to2000.UntilJuly10,2010,hewastheBernardL.SchwartzProfessorofInternationalPoliticalEconomyandDirectoroftheInternationalDevelopmentProgramatthePaulH.NitzeSchoolofAdvancedInternationalStudiesofJohnsHopkinsUniversityinWashington,D.C.HeisnowOlivierNomelliniSeniorFellowandresidentintheCenteronDemocracy,Development,andtheRuleofLawattheFreemanSpogliInstituteforInternationalStudiesatStanfordUniversity,[14]anddirectoroftheFordDorseyMaster'sinInternationalPolicyatStanford.[6] Scholarship[edit] TheEndofHistoryandtheLastMan[edit] Mainarticle:TheEndofHistoryandtheLastMan FukuyamaisbestknownastheauthorofTheEndofHistoryandtheLastMan,inwhichhearguedthattheprogressionofhumanhistoryasastrugglebetweenideologieswaslargelyatanend,withtheworldsettlingonliberaldemocracyaftertheendoftheColdWarandthefalloftheBerlinWallin1989.Thebookwasanexpansiononideasexpressedinanearlierarticle,"TheEndofHistory?"publishedinTheNationalInterest.Inthearticle,Fukuyamapredictedthecomingglobaltriumphofpoliticalandeconomicliberalism: WhatwemaybewitnessingisnotjusttheendoftheColdWar,orthepassingofaparticularperiodofpostwarhistory,buttheendofhistoryassuch:thatis,theendpointofmankind'sideologicalevolutionandtheuniversalizationofWesternliberaldemocracyasthefinalformofhumangovernment.— FrancisFukuyama,"TheEndofHistory?",TheNationalInterest,No.16(Summer1989) AuthorslikeRalfDahrendorfarguedin1990thattheessaygaveFukuyamahis15minutesoffame,whichwouldsoonbefollowedbyaslideintoobscurity.[15][16]However,Fukuyamaremainedarelevantandcitedpublicintellectual,leadingAmericancommunitarianAmitaiEtzionitodeclarehim"oneofthefewenduringpublicintellectuals.Theyareoftenmediastarswhoareeatenupandspatoutaftertheir15minutes.Buthehaslasted."[17] AccordingtoFukuyama,oneofthemaincritiquesofTheEndofHistorywasofhisaggressivestancetowardspostmodernism.Postmodernphilosophyhad,inFukuyama'sopinion,underminedtheideologybehindliberaldemocracy,leavingthewesternworldinapotentiallyweakerposition.[18]ThefactthatMarxismandfascismhadprovenuntenableforpracticalusewhileliberaldemocracystillthrivedwasreasonenoughtoembracethehopefulattitudeoftheProgressiveera,asthishopeforthefuturewaswhatmadeasocietyworthstrugglingtomaintain.Postmodernism,which,bythistime,hadbecomeembeddedintheculturalconsciousness,offerednohopeandnothingtosustainanecessarysenseofcommunity,insteadrelyingonlyonloftyintellectualpremises.[19] TheOriginsofPoliticalOrder[edit] Mainarticle:TheOriginsofPoliticalOrder Inthe2011book,Fukuyamadescribeswhatmakesastatestable,usingcomparativepoliticalhistorytodevelopatheoryofthestabilityofapoliticalsystem.AccordingtoFukuyama,anidealpoliticalorderneedsamodernandeffectivestate,theruleoflawgoverningthestateandbeaccountable.[20] PoliticalOrderandPoliticalDecay[edit] Mainarticle:PoliticalOrderandPoliticalDecay:FromtheIndustrialRevolutiontothePresentDay The2014bookisthesecondbookonpoliticalorder,followingthe2011bookTheOriginsofPoliticalOrder.Inthisbook,FukuyamacoverseventstakingplacesincetheFrenchRevolutionandshedslightonpoliticalinstitutionsandtheirdevelopmentindifferentregions.[21] AftertracinghowamodernandeffectivegovernmentwasdevelopedintheU.S.,Fukuyamaassertsthatitisexperiencingpoliticaldecay.[22]Fukuyamabelievesthatpoliticaldecaycanbeseeninthedeteriorationofbureaucracies,specialinterestgroupscapturingthelegislature,andinevitablebutcumbersomejudicialprocesseschallengingalltypesofgovernmentaction.[23] Otherworks[edit] Fukuyamahaswrittenanumberofotherbooks,amongthemTrust:TheSocialVirtuesandtheCreationofProsperityandOurPosthumanFuture:ConsequencesoftheBiotechnologyRevolution.Inthelatter,hequalifiedhisoriginal"endofhistory"thesis,arguingthatsincebiotechnologyincreasinglyallowshumanstocontroltheirownevolution,itmayallowhumanstoalterhumannature,therebyputtingliberaldemocracyatrisk.[24]Onepossibleoutcomecouldbethatanalteredhumannaturecouldendinradicalinequality.Heisafierceenemyoftranshumanism,anintellectualmovementassertingthatposthumanityisadesirablegoal. Inanotherwork,TheGreatDisruption:HumanNatureandtheReconstructionofSocialOrder,Fukuyamaexplorestheoriginsofsocialnorms,andanalysesthecurrentdisruptionsinthefabricofourmoraltraditions,whichheconsidersasarisingfromashiftfromthemanufacturingtotheinformationage.Thisshiftis,hethinks,normalandwillproveself-correcting,giventheintrinsichumanneedforsocialnormsandrules. In2006,inAmericaattheCrossroads,Fukuyamadiscussesthehistoryofneoconservatism,withparticularfocusonitsmajortenetsandpoliticalimplications.HeoutlineshisrationaleforsupportingtheBushadministration,aswellaswherehebelievesithasgonewrong. In2008,FukuyamapublishedthebookFallingBehind:ExplainingtheDevelopmentGapBetweenLatinAmericaandtheUnitedStates,whichresultedfromresearchandaconferencefundedbyGrupoMayantogainunderstandingonwhyLatinAmerica,oncefarwealthierthanNorthAmerica,fellbehindintermsofdevelopmentinonlyamatterofcenturies.Discussingthisbookata2009conference,FukuyamaoutlinedhisbeliefthatinequalitywithinLatinAmericannationsisakeyimpedimenttogrowth.Anunequaldistributionofwealth,hestated,leadstosocialupheaval,whichthenresultsinstuntedgrowth.[25] In2018inIdentity:TheDemandforDignityandthePoliticsofResentmentFukuyamaenlistsPlato'snotionofthymosinordertounderstandthepoliticsofgrievanceandressentiment.[26] Atthestartofthefollowingdecade,hepublishedsomereflectionsonhisworkintheformofconversationsunderthetitleAftertheEndofHistory.[27] Politicalviews[edit] Neoconservatism[edit] AsakeyReaganAdministrationcontributortotheformulationoftheReaganDoctrine,Fukuyamaisanimportantfigureintheriseofneoconservatism,althoughhisworkscameoutyearsafterIrvingKristol's1972bookcrystallizedneoconservatism.[28]FukuyamawasactiveintheProjectfortheNewAmericanCenturythinktankstartingin1997,andasamemberco-signedtheorganization's1998letterrecommendingthatPresidentBillClintonsupportIraqiinsurgenciesintheoverthrowofthen-PresidentofIraqSaddamHussein.[29]Hewasalsoamongfortyco-signersofWilliamKristol'sSeptember20,2001lettertoPresidentGeorgeW.BushaftertheSeptember11,2001attacksthatsuggestedtheU.S.notonly"captureorkillOsamabinLaden",butalsoembarkupon"adeterminedefforttoremoveSaddamHusseinfrompowerinIraq".[30] InaNewYorkTimesarticlefromFebruary2006,Fukuyama,inconsideringtheongoingIraqWar,stated:"WhatAmericanforeignpolicyneedsisnotareturntoanarrowandcynicalrealism,butrathertheformulationofa'realisticWilsonianism'thatbettermatchesmeanstoends."[31]Inregardtoneoconservatism,hewentontosay:"Whatisneedednowarenewideas,neitherneoconservativenorrealist,forhowAmericaistorelatetotherestoftheworld–ideasthatretaintheneoconservativebeliefintheuniversalityofhumanrights,butwithoutitsillusionsabouttheefficacyofAmericanpowerandhegemonytobringtheseendsabout."[31] Currentviews[edit] FukuyamabegantodistancehimselffromtheneoconservativeagendaoftheBushadministration,citingitsexcessivemilitarismandembraceofunilateralarmedintervention,particularlyintheMiddleEast.Bymid-2004,FukuyamahadvoicedhisgrowingoppositiontotheIraqWar[32]andcalledforDonaldRumsfeld'sresignationasSecretaryofDefense.[33] AtanannualdinneroftheAmericanEnterpriseInstituteinFebruary2004,DickCheneyandCharlesKrauthammerdeclaredthebeginningofaunipolareraunderAmericanhegemony."Allofthesepeoplearoundmewerecheeringwildly,"[34]Fukuyamaremembers.HebelievesthattheIraqWarwasbeingblundered."Allofmyfriendshadtakenleaveofreality."[34]HehasnotspokentoPaulWolfowitz(previouslyagoodfriend)since.[34] FukuyamadeclaredhewouldnotbevotingforBush,[35]andthattheBushadministrationhadmadethreemistakes:[36] OverstatingthethreatofIslamistextremismtotheUS. Failingtoforeseethefiercenegativereactiontoits"benevolenthegemony".FromtheverybeginningshowinganegativeattitudetowardtheUnitedNationsandotherintergovernmentalorganizationsandnotseeingthatitwouldincreaseanti-Americanisminothercountries. MisjudgingwhatwasneededtobringpeaceinIraqandbeingoverlyoptimisticaboutthesuccesswithwhichsocialengineeringofwesternvaluescouldbeappliedtoIraqandtheMiddleEastingeneral. FukuyamabelievestheUShasarighttopromoteitsownvaluesintheworld,butmorealongthelinesofwhathecalls"realisticWilsonianism",withmilitaryinterventiononlyasalastresortandonlyinadditiontoothermeasures.Alatentmilitaryforceismorelikelytohaveaneffectthanactualdeployment.TheUSspends43%ofglobalmilitaryspending,[37]butIraqshowstherearelimitstoitseffectiveness. TheUSshouldinsteadstimulatepoliticalandeconomicdevelopmentandgainabetterunderstandingofwhathappensinothercountries.Thebestinstrumentsaresettingagoodexampleandprovidingeducationand,inmanycases,money.Thesecretofdevelopment,beitpoliticaloreconomic,isthatitnevercomesfromoutsiders,butalwaysfrompeopleinthecountryitself.OnethingtheUSprovedtohaveexcelledinduringtheaftermathofWorldWarIIwastheformationofinternationalinstitutions.AreturntosupportforthesestructureswouldcombineAmericanpowerwithinternationallegitimacy,butsuchmeasuresrequirealotofpatience.Thisisthecentralthesisofhis2006workAmericaattheCrossroads. Ina2006essayinTheNewYorkTimesMagazinestronglycriticaloftheinvasion,heidentifiedneoconservatismwithLeninism.Hewrotethatneoconservatives"believedthathistorycanbepushedalongwiththerightapplicationofpowerandwill.LeninismwasatragedyinitsBolshevikversion,andithasreturnedasfarcewhenpracticedbytheUnitedStates.Neoconservatism,asbothapoliticalsymbolandabodyofthought,hasevolvedintosomethingIcannolongersupport."[38] FukuyamaannouncedtheendoftheneoconservativemomentandarguedforthedemilitarizationoftheWaronTerrorism:[38] [W]aristhewrongmetaphorforthebroaderstruggle,sincewarsarefoughtatfullintensityandhaveclearbeginningsandendings.Meetingthejihadistchallengeismoreofa"long,twilightstruggle"[quotingJohnF.Kennedy'sinauguraladdress]whosecoreisnotamilitarycampaignbutapoliticalcontestfortheheartsandmindsofordinaryMuslimsaroundtheworld. FukuyamaendorsedBarackObamainthe2008USpresidentialelection.Hestates:[39] I'mvotingforBarackObamathisNovemberforaverysimplereason.ItishardtoimagineamoredisastrouspresidencythanthatofGeorgeW.Bush.ItwasbadenoughthathelaunchedanunnecessarywarandunderminedthestandingoftheUnitedStatesthroughouttheworldinhisfirstterm.Butinthewaningdaysofhisadministration,heispresidingoveracollapseoftheAmericanfinancialsystemandbroadereconomythatwillhaveconsequencesforyearstocome.Asageneralrule,democraciesdon'tworkwellifvotersdonotholdpoliticalpartiesaccountableforfailure.WhileJohnMcCainistryingdesperatelytopretendthatheneverhadanythingtodowiththeRepublicanParty,IthinkitwouldbeatravestytorewardtheRepublicansforfailureonsuchagrandscale. Ina2018interviewwithNewStatesman,whenaskedabouthisviewsontheresurgenceofsocialistpoliticsintheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdom,heresponded:[40] Italldependsonwhatyoumeanbysocialism.Ownershipofthemeansofproduction–exceptinareaswhereit'sclearlycalledfor,likepublicutilities–Idon'tthinkthat'sgoingtowork.Ifyoumeanredistributiveprogrammesthattrytoredressthisbigimbalanceinbothincomesandwealththathasemergedthen,yes,Ithinknotonlycanitcomeback,itoughttocomeback.Thisextendedperiod,whichstartedwithReaganandThatcher,inwhichacertainsetofideasaboutthebenefitsofunregulatedmarketstookhold,inmanywaysit'shadadisastrouseffect.Atthisjuncture,itseemstomethatcertainthingsKarlMarxsaidareturningouttobetrue.Hetalkedaboutthecrisisofoverproduction…thatworkerswouldbeimpoverishedandtherewouldbeinsufficientdemand. InareviewforTheWashingtonPost,FukuyamadiscussedEzraKlein's2020bookWhyWe'rePolarizedregardingUSpolitics,andoutlinedKlein'scentralconclusionabouttheimportanceofraceandwhiteidentitytoDonaldTrumpvotersandRepublicans.[41] In2020,FukuyamabecamethechairoftheeditorialboardforAmericanPurpose,amagazineestablishedin2020topromotethreecentralideas.Firstly,itwantstopromoteliberaldemocracyintheUnitedStates.Secondly,itseekstounderstandandopineonthechallengestoliberaldemocracyinothercountries.Thirdly,itwantsto"offercriticismandcommentaryonhistoryandbiography,highartandpopculture,scienceandtechnology."[42] FukuyamahasalsoperceivedJoeBiden'svictoryinthe2020presidentialelectionastheresultoftheWesternsystem'sabilitytocorrectmistakes.[43] ViewsfollowingRussianinvasionofUkraine[edit] FollowingtheRussianinvasionofUkraineinFebruary2022,FukuyamamadeseveralprognosesinthemagazineAmericanPurpose:[44] RussiaisheadingforanoutrightdefeatinUkraine.Russianplanningwasincompetent,basedonaflawedassumptionthatUkrainianswerefavorabletoRussiaandthattheirmilitarywouldcollapseimmediatelyfollowinganinvasion. Thecollapseoftheirpositioncouldbesuddenandcatastrophic,ratherthanhappeningslowlythroughawarofattrition. Thereisnodiplomaticsolutiontothewarpossiblepriortothishappening.ThereisnoconceivablecompromisethatwouldbeacceptabletobothRussiaandUkrainegiventhelossestheyhavetakenatthispoint. Putinwillnotsurvivethedefeatofhisarmy.Hegetssupportbecauseheisperceivedtobeastrongman;whatdoeshehavetoofferoncehedemonstratesincompetenceandisstrippedofhiscoercivepower? Theinvasionhasalreadydonehugedamagetopopulistsallovertheworld,whopriortotheattackuniformlyexpressedsympathyforPutin.ThatincludesMatteoSalvini,JairBolsonaro,ÉricZemmour,MarineLePen,ViktorOrbán,andofcourseDonaldTrump.Thepoliticsofthewarhasexposedtheiropenlyauthoritarianleanings. Turkishdroneswillbecomebestsellers. ARussiandefeatwillmakepossiblea"newbirthoffreedom,"andgetusoutofourfunkaboutthedecliningstateofglobaldemocracy.Thespiritof1989willliveon,thankstoabunchofbraveUkrainians. Fukuyamahasalsoputemphasisontheimportanceofnationalidentityforasounddefenseofliberalvalues—andthustheneedtoreconcilethenation-statewithliberaluniversalism,eveniftheyseematoddsatfirst—inaForeignAffairsarticle:[45] Liberalism,withitsuniversalistpretensions,maysituneasilyalongsideseeminglyparochialnationalism,butthetwocanbereconciled.Thegoalsofliberalismareentirelycompatiblewithaworlddividedintonation-states....Liberalrightsaremeaninglessiftheycannotbeenforcedbyastate...Theterritorialjurisdictionofastatenecessarilycorrespondstotheareaoccupiedbythegroupofindividualswhosignedontothesocialcontract.Peoplelivingoutsidethatjurisdictionmusthavetheirrightsrespected,butnotnecessarilyenforced,bythatstate....Theneedforinternationalcooperationinaddressingissuessuchasglobalwarmingandpandemicshasneverbeenmoreevident.Butitremainsthecasethatoneparticularformofpower,theabilitytoenforcerulesthroughthethreatortheactualuseofforce,remainsunderthecontrolofnation-states....Ultimatepower,inotherwords,continuestobetheprovinceofnation-states,whichmeansthatthecontrolofpoweratthislevelremainscritical....Thereisthusnonecessarycontradictionbetweenliberaluniversalismandtheneedfornation-states.Althoughthenormativevalueofhumanrightsmaybeuniversal,enforcementpowerisnot;itisascarceresourcethatisnecessarilyappliedinaterritoriallydelimitedway. Affiliations[edit] Between2006and2008,FukuyamaadvisedMuammarGaddafiaspartoftheMonitorGroup,aconsultancyfirmbasedinCambridge,MA.[46] InAugust2005,Fukuyamaco-foundedTheAmericanInterest,abimonthlymagazinedevotedtothebroadthemeof"AmericaintheWorld".Heservedaschairmanoftheeditorialboarduntilhisresignation.InapublishedletterpostedonhispublicMediumpageonJuly27,2020,Fukuyamacitedadisagreementwiththepublisher'sdecisiontoterminateJeffGedminaseditor-in-chief.Fukuyamaalsoindicatedotherchangesunderwayatthepublicationasanadditionalreasonforhisresignation.[47] FukuyamawasamemberoftheRANDCorporation'sPoliticalScienceDepartmentfrom1979to1980,1983to1989,and1995to1996.Heisnowamemberoftheboardoftrustees.[14] FukuyamawasamemberofthePresident'sCouncilonBioethicsfrom2001to2004.[14] FukuyamaisaFellowoftheWorldAcademyofArtandScience(WAAS). FukuyamawasonthesteeringcommitteefortheScooterLibbyLegalDefenseTrust.[48]Fukuyamaisalong-timefriendofLibby.TheyservedtogetherintheStateDepartmentinthe1980s. FukuyamaisamemberoftheBoardofCounselorsforthePyleCenterofNortheastAsianStudiesattheNationalBureauofAsianResearch.[49] FukuyamaisontheboardofGlobalFinancialIntegrity. FukuyamaisamemberoftheInter-AmericanDialogue. FukuyamaisthechairoftheeditorialboardforAmericanPurpose,amagazineestablishedin2020.[50] FukuyamaisamemberoftheInternationalAdvisoryBoardforBellingcat.[51] Personallife[edit] Fukuyamaisapart-timephotographer.HealsohasaninterestinearlyAmericanfurniture,whichhereproducesbyhand.[52]AnotherhobbyofFukuyama'sissoundrecordingandreproduction.Heexplained,"ThesedaysIseemtospendasmuchtimethinkingaboutgearasIdoanalyzingpoliticsformydayjob."[34]Sincethemid-1990s,Fukuyamahasbeenbuildinghisownpersonalcomputers.[53] FukuyamaismarriedtoLauraHolmgren,whomhemetwhenshewasaUniversityofCaliforniainLosAngelesgraduatestudentafterhestartedworkingfortheRANDCorporation.[11][14]HededicatedhisbookTrust:TheSocialVirtuesandtheCreationofProsperitytoher.TheyliveinCalifornia,withtheirthreechildren,Julia,David,andJohn. HeisthefirstcousintocrimenovelistJoeIde.Fukuyamahelpedhimgethisfirstbookpublished.[54] Selectedbibliography[edit] Scholarlyworks[edit] TheSovietUnionandIraqsince1968.RANDCorporation(1980). Books[edit] Libraryresources ByFrancisFukuyama Resourcesinyourlibrary Resourcesinotherlibraries ExternalvideoBooknotesinterviewwithFukuyamaonTheEndofHistoryandtheLastMan,February9,1992,C-SPANPresentationbyFukuyamaonTheGreatDisruption,June10,1999,C-SPANPresentationbyFukuyamaonTheGreatDisruption,April19,2000,C-SPANPresentationbyFukuyamaonOurPosthumanFuture,May9,2002,C-SPANPresentationbyFukuyamaonState-Building,May21,2004,C-SPANPresentationbyFukuyamaonTheOriginsofPoliticalOrder,April25,2011,C-SPANPresentationbyFukuyamaonPoliticalOrderandPoliticalDecay,October25,2014,C-SPANPresentationbyFukuyamaonIdentity,September20,2018,C-SPANPresentationbyFukuyamaonIdentity,October28,2018,C-SPAN TheEndofHistoryandtheLastMan.FreePress,1992.ISBN 0-02-910975-2 Trust:TheSocialVirtuesandtheCreationofProsperity.FreePress,1995.ISBN 0-02-910976-0 TheGreatDisruption:HumanNatureandtheReconstitutionofSocialOrder.FreePress.1999.ISBN 0-684-84530-X[55] OurPosthumanFuture:ConsequencesoftheBiotechnologyRevolution.NewYork,NY:Farrar,StrausandGiroux.2002.ISBN 0-374-23643-7 State-Building:GovernanceandWorldOrderinthe21stcentury.Ithaca,NY:CornellUniversityPress.2004.ISBN 0-8014-4292-3 AmericaattheCrossroads:Democracy,Power,andtheNeoconservativeLegacy.NewHaven,CT:YaleUniversityPress.2006.ISBN 0-300-11399-4USeditionAftertheNeoCons:WheretheRightwentWrong.London:ProfileBooks.2006.ISBN 1-86197-922-3UKedition FallingBehind:ExplainingtheDevelopmentGapBetweenLatinAmericaandtheUnitedStates(editor).NewYork,NY:OxfordUniversityPress.2008.ISBN 978-0-19-536882-6 TheOriginsofPoliticalOrder:FromPrehumanTimestotheFrenchRevolution.NewYork,NY:Farrar,StrausandGiroux.2011.ISBN 978-1-846-68256-8 PoliticalOrderandPoliticalDecay:FromtheIndustrialRevolutiontothePresentDay.NewYork:Farrar,StrausandGiroux.2014.ISBN 978-0-374-22735-7 Identity:TheDemandforDignityandthePoliticsofResentment,NewYork:Farrar,StrausandGiroux.2018. LiberalismandItsDiscontents,NewYork:Farrar,StrausandGiroux.2022. Essays[edit] "TheEndofHistory?"TheNationalInterest,no.16(Summer1989). "WomenandtheEvolutionofWorldPolitics."ForeignAffairs(Oct.1998). "ImmigrantsandFamilyValues."TheImmigrationReader(1998).ISBN 1557869162. "HumanNatureandtheReconstructionofSocialOrder."TheAtlanticMonthly(May1999). "SocialCapitalandCivilSociety."PaperpreparedfordeliveryattheInternationalMonetaryFundConferenceonSecondGenerationReforms(Oct.1,1999). "TheNeoconservativeMoment."TheNationalInterest(Summer2004). "AfterNeoconservatism."NewYorkTimesMagazine(Feb.19,2006). "Supporter'sVoiceNowTurnsonBush."NewYorkTimesMagazine(Mar.14,2006). "WhyShouldn'tIChangeMyMind?"LosAngelesTimes(Apr.9,2006). "TheFallofAmerica,Inc."Newsweek(Oct.13,2008). "TheNewNationalismandtheStrategicArchitectureofNortheastAsia."AsiaPolicy(Jan.2007) "LeftOut."TheAmericanInterest(Jan.2011). "IsChinaNext?"TheWallStreetJournal(Mar.12,2011). "TheFutureofHistory:CanLiberalDemocracySurvivetheDeclineoftheMiddleClass?"ForeignAffairs(Jan./Feb.2012). "WhatisGovernance?"Governance(Mar.2013). "AgainstIdentityPolitics:TheNewTribalismandtheCrisisofDemocracy."ForeignAffairs(Sep./Oct.2018). "LiberalismandItsDiscontents:TheChallengesfromtheLeftandtheRight."AmericanPurpose(Oct.2020). SeeRonaldT.Libby,"TheDeathofPoliticalScienceandRebirthofPolitics." Seealso[edit] Biopolitics Hightrustandlowtrustsocieties BraveNewWorldargument ObamaRepublican Vetocracy References[edit] ^"TheFreemanSpogliInstituteforInternationalStudiesatStanfordUniversity".Fsi.stanford.edu.RetrievedAugust19,2013. ^Lee,TimothyStanley,Alexander(September1,2014)."It'sStillNottheEndofHistory".TheAtlantic.RetrievedJanuary25,2022. ^Thies,Clifford(June24,2011)TheEndofHystery?FrancisFukuyama'sReviewofTheConstitutionofLiberty,MisesInstitute ^"InterviewwithEx-NeoconFrancisFukuyama:"AModelDemocracyIsnotEmerginginIraq"".SpiegelOnline.March22,2006.RetrievedOctober14,2014. ^ab"FrancisFukuyama".StanfordFreemanSpogliInstituteforInternationalStudies. ^ab"FrancisFukuyamatoleadtheFordDorseyMaster'sinInternationalPolicyProgram".StanfordNews.July21,2019.RetrievedAugust6,2019. ^"FrancisFukuyama–InternationalForumforDemocraticStudiesResearchCouncilMember".NationalEndowmentforDemocracy.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJuly8,2014.RetrievedNovember23,2014. ^"FrancisFukuyama|Reporterswithoutborders".RSF.September9,2018. ^Moss,Stephen(May23,2011)."FrancisFukuyama:'Americansarenotverygoodatnation-building'".theGuardian.RetrievedOctober14,2014. ^abWade,Nicholas(April2,2002)."ADimViewofa'PosthumanFuture'".TheNewYorkTimes.RetrievedMarch17,2011. ^abcdefgWroe,Nicholas(May11,2002)."History'spallbearer".TheGuardian.RetrievedMarch17,2011. ^Fukuyama,Francis(October7,1999)."Fukuyama101".ThinkTank(Interview).InterviewedbyBenWattenberg.Washington,DC:PBS.RetrievedMarch17,2011. ^ab"Ford-Grilliparzer".EncyclopediaofWorldBiography.Vol. 6(2nd ed.).Detroit,MI:GaleResearch.1998.ISBN 978-0-7876-2546-7.RetrievedMarch17,2011. ^abcdef"FrancisFukuyama".TheFreemanSpogliInstituteforInternationalStudiesatStanfordUniversity.StanfordUniversity.RetrievedMarch9,2011. ^Dahrendorf(1990)ReflectionsontherevolutioninEuropep.37 ^LucianoCanforaLagrandeillusionedelcapitalismoeternoprefacetoErcolani,PaoloLastoriainfinita.Marx,illiberalismoelamaledizionediNietzschequotation:Quantodettosinquipuòforsebastareanonprenderesulseriosaggitroppofortunati(magiàquasiavviatialdimenticatoio)comeLafinedellastoriadelnippo-statunitenseFukuyama.Libroche,comunque,èstatoampiamentestroncatoperlesciocchezzechecontiene:enongiàdatardiepigonidelmarxismo-leninismo,madafilosofi'liberal'comeDahrendorf,ilqualehaancheavutoilbuonsensodielencareglierroridifatto(talidamettereinforseilconseguimentodella"maturitàclassica"!)cheiltroppofortunatolibrettocontiene. ^Wroe,Nicholas(May10,2002)."History'sPallbearer".TheGuardian. ^'FrancisFukuyama,"ReflectionsontheEndofHistory,FiveYearsLater",HistoryandTheory34,2:"WorldHistoriansandTheirCritics"(May1995):43. ^'FrancisFukuyama,"ReflectionsontheEndofHistory,FiveYearsLater",HistoryandTheory34,2:WorldHistoriansandTheirCritics(May1995):36. ^Fukuyama,Francis(2011).Originsofpoliticalorder :fromprehumantimestotheFrenchrevolution(1stpaperback ed.).NewYork,NY:Farrar,StrausandGiroux.pp. 312,420.ISBN 978-0374-5332-29. ^Fukuyama,Francis."PoliticalOrderandPoliticalDecay:FromtheIndustrialRevolutiontotheGlobalizationofDemocracy".Stanford.edu.RetrievedDecember29,2016. ^Berman,Sheri(September11,2014)."GlobalWarning".TheNewYorkTimes.ISSN 0362-4331.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJanuary2,2022.RetrievedMay15,2020. ^Fukuyama,Francis(December8,2016)."AmericainDecay".ForeignAffairs :AmericaandtheWorld.ISSN 0015-7120.RetrievedMay15,2020. ^ForacriticalanalysisofFukuyama'sbioethicalargument,see:Jordaan,D.W.(2009)."AntiprometheanFallacies:ACritiqueofFukuyama'sBioethics".BiotechnologyLawReport.28(5):577–590.doi:10.1089/blr.2009.9915. ^RyanWeddle(February18,2009)."Fukuyama:"SocialAgenda"NeededtoCombatPovertyinLatinAmerica".Devex.RetrievedFebruary19,2009. ^AddisGoldman,FindingFukuyama’sEndsBetweenaspirationsandhistory,THRWebFeatures,July22,2021 ^AftertheEndofHistory:ConversationswithFrancisFukuyama,EditedbyMathildeFasting, Washington,DC:GeorgetownUniversityPress,2021. ^IrvingKristol(1972),OntheDemocraticIdeainAmerica,NewYork:Harper. ^Abrams,Elliott;et al.(January26,1998)."LettertoPresidentClintononIraq".Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)onSeptember9,2008.RetrievedAugust16,2008. ^"LettertoPresidentBushontheWaronTerrorism".ProjectfortheNewAmericanCentury.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonDecember30,2004. ^abFukuyama,Francis(February19,2006)."AfterNeoconservatism".TheNewYorkTimes.RetrievedMay2,2010. ^FrancisFukuyama(June1,2004)."TheNeoconservativeMoment"(PDF).TheNationalInterest.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)onJune10,2007.RetrievedMay13,2007. ^"FukuyamaWithdrawsBushSupport".Today'sZaman.July14,2004.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJune13,2006.RetrievedMay13,2007. ^abcdBast,Andrew(April10,2011)."TheBeginningofHistory".Newsweek.RetrievedMay5,2011. ^AndrewBillen(July14,2004)."WhyIwon'tvoteforGeorgeBush".TheTimes.London.RetrievedMay13,2007. ^"FrancisFukuyamaonNeo-Cons,ForeignPolicy".NPR.March1,2006. ^"The15countrieswiththehighestmilitaryexpenditurein2009".RetrievedMay5,2011. ^abFrancisFukuyama(February19,2006)."AfterNeoconservatism".TheNewYorkTimesMagazine.RetrievedMay13,2007. ^FrancisFukuyama(November3,2008)."FrancisFukuyama".TheAmericanConservative.RetrievedOctober30,2008. ^GeorgeEaton(October17,2018)."FrancisFukuyamainterview:"Socialismoughttocomeback"".NewStatesmanAmerica.RetrievedOctober17,2018. ^FrancisFukuyama(January24,2020)."WhyredandblueAmericacan'theareachotheranymore".TheWashingtonPost.Thesetwophenomena—theSouthernrealignmentandthehumanpropensitytobondwithgroups—bringustoKlein’scentralconclusionaboutthecentralityofraceforTrumpvotersandRepublicanswhobelievetheirwhiteidentityisunderthreat. ^"About".AmericanPurpose.October1,2020.RetrievedOctober30,2020. ^Fukuyama,Francis(December15,2020)."FrancisFukuyamaontheStateofDemocracyin2020andBeyond".TheWallStreetJournal.ISSN 0099-9660.RetrievedJanuary15,2021. ^"PreparingforDefeat".AmericanPurpose.March10,2022.RetrievedApril10,2022. ^Fukuyama,Francis(April5,2022)."ACountryofTheirOwn".ISSN 0015-7120.RetrievedApril10,2022. ^Pilkington,Ed(March4,2011)."USfirmMonitorGroupadmitsmistakesover$3mGaddafideal".Guardian.RetrievedMarch25,2011. ^Fukuyama,Francis(July27,2020)."ResignationfromTheAmericanInterest".Medium.RetrievedJuly28,2020. ^Lewis,NeilA.(February3,2006)."DefenseFundRaisesMoneyinLibbyCase".TheNewYorkTimes.RetrievedMay13,2007. ^PyleCenterforNortheastAsianStudies,theNationalBureauofAsianResearch. ^"AmericanPurpose".AmericanPurpose.RetrievedOctober30,2020. ^"About".bellingcat.RetrievedOctober14,2021. ^Fukuyama,Francis(June7,2009)."MakingThingsWork".TheNewYorkTimes.RetrievedMay2,2010. ^Fukuyama,Francis(January26,2021)."WhyEveryoneShouldBuildTheirOwnPCandStopUsingMacs".AmericanPurpose.RetrievedJanuary29,2021. ^Beckerman,Gal(September28,2018)."RaisedinSouthCentral,JoeIdeExpandstheTerritoryofL.A.Noir".TheNewYorkTimes.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJanuary2,2022.RetrievedOctober1,2018. ^Gottlieb,Anthony(July4,1999)."ThePostindustrialRevolution".TheNewYorkTimesontheWeb. Externallinks[edit] WikiquotehasquotationsrelatedtoFrancisFukuyama. WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoFrancisFukuyama. FrancisFukuyama'sblogatTheAmericanInterest IslamandAmerica...FriendsorFoes? AppearancesonC-SPAN InDepthinterviewwithFukuyama,March5,2006 ANUPublicLectureSeriesMP3ofapubliclecturebyFukuyamatitledTheMissingDimensionofStatenessdeliveredatTheAustralianNationalUniversity,December15,2006 FrancisFukuyamaexplainshislastbook:"TheOriginsofPoliticalOrder" "FrancisFukuyamaOnWhyLiberalDemocracyIsInTrouble(interviewconductedbySteveInskeep)".npr.org.April4,2017. vteWorksbyFrancisFukuyama TheEndofHistoryandtheLastMan(1992) OurPosthumanFuture(2002) AmericaattheCrossroads(2006) TheOriginsofPoliticalOrder(2011) PoliticalOrderandPoliticalDecay:FromtheIndustrialRevolutiontothePresentDay(2014) vteRecipientsoftheJohanSkyttePrizeinPoliticalScience 1995RobertA.Dahl 1996JuanJoséLinz 1997ArendLijphart 1998AlexanderL.George 1999ElinorOstrom 2000FritzW.Scharpf 2001BrianBarry 2002SidneyVerba 2003HannaPitkin 2004JeanBlondel 2005RobertKeohane 2006RobertD.Putnam 2007ThedaSkocpol 2008ReinTaagepera 2009PhilippeC.Schmitter 2010AdamPrzeworski 2011RonaldInglehart/PippaNorris 2012CarolePateman 2013RobertAxelrod 2014DavidCollier 2015FrancisFukuyama 2016JonElster 2017AmartyaSen 2018JaneMansbridge 2019MargaretLevi 2020PeterJ.Katzenstein 2021DavidD.Laitin AuthoritycontrolGeneral ISNI 1 VIAF 1 WorldCat Nationallibraries Norway Spain France(data) Catalonia Germany Italy Israel UnitedStates Latvia Japan CzechRepublic Australia Greece Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Biographicaldictionaries Germany Scientificdatabases CiNii(Japan) Scopusauthor Other FacetedApplicationofSubjectTerminology NationalArchives(US) RERO(Switzerland) 1 SUDOC(France) 1 Trove(Australia) 1 Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Fukuyama&oldid=1098090312" Categories:1952births20th-centuryAmericannon-fictionwriters20th-centuryAmericanphilosophers21st-centuryAmericannon-fictionwriters21st-centuryAmericanphilosophersAmericanacademicsofJapanesedescentAmericanculturalcriticsAmericanessayistsAmericanmalebloggersAmericannon-fictionenvironmentalwritersAmericanphotographersAmericanpoliticalphilosophersAmericanpoliticalscientistsAmericanpoliticalwritersAmericansocialcommentatorsAmericantechnologywritersAmericanwritersofJapanesedescentCenterforGlobalDevelopmentCornellUniversityalumniCriticismoftranshumanismCriticsofneoconservatismCriticsofpostmodernismCulturalcriticsEconomistsfromCaliforniaGeorgeMasonUniversityfacultyHarvardGraduateSchoolofArtsandSciencesalumniInternationalrelationsscholarsJohnsHopkinsUniversityfacultyLivingpeoplePhilosophersofculturePhilosophersofeconomicsPhilosophersofhistoryPhilosophersoftechnologyPoliticalliberals(internationalrelations)PoliticalphilosophersRANDCorporationpeopleSocialcriticsSocialphilosophersStanfordUniversityfacultyTheoristsonWesterncivilizationWritersaboutglobalizationWritersfromChicago20th-centuryAmericanmalewritersMembersoftheInter-AmericanDialogueHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataUsemdydatesfromApril2020ArticleswithhCardsArticlescontainingJapanese-languagetextCommonslinkisonWikidataPeopleappearingonC-SPANArticleswithISNIidentifiersArticleswithVIAFidentifiersArticleswithWORLDCATIDidentifiersArticleswithBIBSYSidentifiersArticleswithBNEidentifiersArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithCANTICNidentifiersArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithICCUidentifiersArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithLNBidentifiersArticleswithNDLidentifiersArticleswithNKCidentifiersArticleswithNLAidentifiersArticleswithNLGidentifiersArticleswithNLKidentifiersArticleswithNSKidentifiersArticleswithNTAidentifiersArticleswithPLWABNidentifiersArticleswithDTBIOidentifiersArticleswithCINIIidentifiersArticleswithScopusidentifiersArticleswithFASTidentifiersArticleswithNARAidentifiersArticleswithREROidentifiersArticleswithSUDOCidentifiersArticleswithTroveidentifiersACwith28elements Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommonsWikiquote Languages AfrikaansالعربيةAzərbaycancaتۆرکجهBân-lâm-gúБеларускаяБеларуская(тарашкевіца)БългарскиBosanskiCatalàЧӑвашлаČeštinaDanskDeutschEestiEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisGaeilgeGalego한국어Հայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiBahasaIndonesiaItalianoעבריתქართულიLatviešuMagyarМакедонскиمصرىNederlands日本語NorskbokmålOccitanਪੰਜਾਬੀپښتوPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийShqipSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaTürkçeУкраїнськаTiếngViệt吴语粵語中文 Editlinks