Sodium hypochlorite - Wikipedia

Sodium hypochlorite is most often encountered as a pale greenish-yellow dilute solution referred to as liquid bleach, which is a household chemical widely used ... Sodiumhypochlorite FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Chemicalcompound Sodiumhypochlorite Names IUPACname Sodiumhypochlorite Othernames AntiforminBleachChlorideofsodaIndilution:Carrel-DakinsolutionModifiedDakin'ssolutionSurgicalchlorinatedsodasolution Identifiers CASNumber 7681-52-9(anhydrous) Y10022-70-5(pentahydrate) Y 3Dmodel(JSmol) Interactiveimage ChEBI CHEBI:32146 Y ChemSpider 22756 Y DrugBank DBSALT001517 ECHAInfoCard 100.028.790 ECNumber 231-668-3 KEGG D01711 Y PubChemCID 23665760 RTECSnumber NH3486300 UNII DY38VHM5OD Y UNnumber 1791 CompToxDashboard(EPA) DTXSID8021276 InChI InChI=1S/ClO.Na/c1-2;/q-1;+1 YKey: SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1/ClO.Na/c1-2;/q-1;+1Key: SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYAD SMILES [Na+].[O-]Cl Properties Chemicalformula NaOCl Molarmass 74.442g/mol Appearance greenish-yellowsolid(pentahydrate) Odor chlorine-likeandsweetish Density 1.11g/cm3 Meltingpoint 18 °C(64 °F;291 K)pentahydrate Boilingpoint 101 °C(214 °F;374 K)(decomposes) Solubilityinwater 29.3g/100mL(0 °C)[1] Acidity(pKa) 7.5185 Basicity(pKb) 6.4815 Thermochemistry Stdenthalpyofformation(ΔfH⦵298) -347.1kJ/mol Pharmacology ATCcode D08AX07(WHO) Hazards GHSlabelling: Pictograms Signalword Danger Hazardstatements H314,H410 Precautionarystatements P260,P264,P273,P280,P301+P330+P331,P303+P361+P353,P304+P340,P305+P351+P338,P310,P321,P363,P391,P405,P501 NFPA704(fire diamond) 2 0 1OX Safetydatasheet(SDS) ICSC1119(solution,>10%activechlorine)ICSC0482(solution,<10%activechlorine) Relatedcompounds Otheranions SodiumchlorideSodiumchloriteSodiumchlorateSodiumperchlorate Othercations LithiumhypochloriteCalciumhypochloritePotassiumhypochlorite Relatedcompounds Hypochlorousacid Exceptwhereotherwisenoted,dataaregivenformaterialsintheirstandardstate(at25 °C[77 °F],100 kPa). 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Infoboxreferences Chemicalcompound Sodiumhypochlorite(commonlyknowninadilutesolutionasbleach)isachemicalcompoundwiththeformulaNaOClorNaClO,[2]comprisingasodiumcation(Na+)andahypochloriteanion(OCl−orClO−).Itmayalsobeviewedasthesodiumsaltofhypochlorousacid.Theanhydrouscompoundisunstableandmaydecomposeexplosively.[3][4]ItcanbecrystallizedasapentahydrateNaOCl·5H2O,apalegreenish-yellowsolidwhichisnotexplosiveandisstableifkeptrefrigerated.[5][6][7] Sodiumhypochloriteismostoftenencounteredasapalegreenish-yellowdilutesolutionreferredtoasliquidbleach,whichisahouseholdchemicalwidelyused(sincethe18thcentury)asadisinfectantorableachingagent.Insolution,thecompoundisunstableandeasilydecomposes,liberatingchlorine,whichistheactiveprincipleofsuchproducts.Sodiumhypochloriteistheoldestandstillmostimportantchlorine-basedbleach.[8][9] Itscorrosiveproperties,commonavailability,andreactionproductsmakeitasignificantsafetyrisk.Inparticular,mixingliquidbleachwithothercleaningproducts,suchasacidsfoundinlimescale-removingproducts,willproducechlorinegas,whichwasusedasapoisongasinWorldWarI.[10][11][12]Acommonurbanlegendstatesthatmixingbleachwithammoniaalsoreleaseschlorine,butinrealitythetwochemicalsreactdifferently,producingchloraminesand/ornitrogentrichloride.Withexcessammoniaandsodiumhydroxide,hydrazinemaybegenerated. Contents 1Chemistry 1.1Stabilityofthesolid 1.2Equilibriaandstabilityofsolutions 1.3Decompositiontochlorateoroxygen 1.4Titration 1.5Oxidationoforganiccompounds 1.6Oxidationofmetalsandcomplexes 1.7Otherreactions 1.8Neutralization 2Production 2.1Chlorinationofsoda 2.2Fromcalciumhypochlorite 2.3Electrolysisofbrine 2.4Fromhypochlorousacidandsoda 2.5Fromozoneandsalt 3Packagingandsale 4Uses 4.1Bleaching 4.2Cleaning 4.3Disinfection 4.4Deodorizing 4.5Wastewatertreatment 4.6Endodontics 4.7Nerveagentneutralization 4.8Reductionofskindamage 5Safety 5.1Oxidationandcorrosion 5.2Storagehazards 5.3Reactionswithothercommonproducts 5.4Limitationsinhealthcare 6Environmentalimpact 7Seealso 8References 9Bibliography 10Externallinks Chemistry[edit] Stabilityofthesolid[edit] Anhydroussodiumhypochloritecanbepreparedbut,likemanyhypochlorites,itishighlyunstableanddecomposesexplosivelyonheatingorfriction.[3]Thedecompositionisacceleratedbycarbondioxideatatmosphericlevels.[4][13]Itisawhitesolidwiththeorthorhombiccrystalstructure.[14] SodiumhypochloritecanalsobeobtainedasacrystallinepentahydrateNaOCl·5H2O,whichisnotexplosiveandismuchmorestablethantheanhydrouscompound.[4][5]Theformulaissometimesgivenas2NaOCl·10H2O.[citationneeded].TheCl–Obondlengthinthepentahydrateis1.686Å.[7]Thetransparent,lightgreenish-yellow,orthorhombic[15][16]crystalscontain44%NaOClbyweightandmeltat25–27 °C.Thecompounddecomposesrapidlyatroomtemperature,soitmustbekeptunderrefrigeration.Atlowertemperatures,however,itisquitestable:reportedlyonly1%decompositionafter360daysat7 °C.[6][17] A1966USpatentclaimsthatstablesolidsodiumhypochloritedihydrateNaOCl·2H2Ocanbeobtainedbycarefullyexcludingchlorideions(Cl−),whicharepresentintheoutputofcommonmanufacturingprocessesandaresaidtocatalyzethedecompositionofhypochloriteintochlorate(ClO−3)andchloride.Inonetest,thedihydratewasclaimedtoshowonly6%decompositionafter13.5monthsstorageat−25 °C.Thepatentalsoclaimsthatthedihydratecanbereducedtotheanhydrousformbyvacuumdryingatabout50 °C,yieldingasolidthatshowednodecompositionafter64hoursat−25 °C.[18] Equilibriaandstabilityofsolutions[edit] Attypicalambienttemperatures,sodiumhypochloriteismorestableindilutesolutionsthatcontainsolvatedNa+andOCl−ions.Thedensityofthesolutionis1.093 g/mLat5%concentration,[19]and1.21 g/mLat14%,20 °C.[20]Stoichiometricsolutionsarefairlyalkaline,withpH11orhigher[6]sincehypochlorousacidisaweakacid: OCl−+H2O⇌HOCl+OH− ThefollowingspeciesandequilibriaarepresentinsolutionsofNaOCl:[21] HOCl(aq)⇌H++OCl− HOCl(aq)+Cl−+H+⇌Cl2(aq)+H2O Cl2(aq)+Cl−⇌Cl−3 Cl2(aq)⇌Cl2(g) ThesecondequilibriumequationabovewillbeshiftedtotherightifthechlorineCl2isallowedtoescapeasgas.TheratiosofCl2,HOCl,andOCl−insolutionarealsopHdependent.AtpHbelow2,themajorityofthechlorineinthesolutionisintheformofdissolvedelementalCl2.AtpHgreaterthan7.4,themajorityisintheformofhypochloriteClO−.[8]Theequilibriumcanbeshiftedbyaddingacids(suchashydrochloricacid)orbases(suchassodiumhydroxide)tothesolution: ClO−(aq)+2HCl(aq)→Cl2(g)+H2O(aq)+Cl−(aq) Cl2(g)+2OH−→ClO−(aq)+Cl−(aq)+H2O(aq) AtapHofabout4,suchasobtainedbytheadditionofstrongacidslikehydrochloricacid,theamountofundissociated(nonionized)HOClishighest.Thereactioncanbewrittenas: ClO−+H+⇌HClO Sodiumhypochloritesolutionscombinedwithacidevolvechlorinegas,particularlystronglyatpH<2,bythereactions: HOCl(aq)+Cl−+H+⇌Cl2(aq)+H2O Cl2(aq)⇌Cl2(g) AtpH>8,thechlorineispracticallyallintheformofhypochloriteanions(OCl−).ThesolutionsarefairlystableatpH11–12.Evenso,onereportclaimsthataconventional13.6%NaOClreagentsolutionlost17%ofitsstrengthafterbeingstoredfor360daysat7 °C.[6]Forthisreason,insomeapplicationsonemayusemorestablechlorine-releasingcompounds,suchascalciumhypochloriteCa(ClO)2ortrichloroisocyanuricacid(CNClO)3. Anhydroussodiumhypochloriteissolubleinmethanol,andsolutionsarestable.[citationneeded] Decompositiontochlorateoroxygen[edit] Insolution,undercertainconditions,thehypochloriteanionmayalsodisproportionate(autoxidize)tochlorideandchlorate:[22] 3ClO−+H+→HClO3+2Cl− Inparticular,thisreactionoccursinsodiumhypochloritesolutionsathightemperatures,formingsodiumchlorateandsodiumchloride:[22][23] 3NaOCl(aq)→2NaCl(aq)+NaClO3(aq) Thisreactionisexploitedintheindustrialproductionofsodiumchlorate. Analternativedecompositionofhypochloriteproducesoxygeninstead: 2OCl−→2Cl−+O2 Inhotsodiumhypochloritesolutions,thisreactioncompeteswithchlorateformation,yieldingsodiumchlorideandoxygengas:[22] 2NaOCl(aq)→2NaCl(aq)+O2(g) ThesetwodecompositionreactionsofNaClOsolutionsaremaximizedatpHaround6.Thechlorate-producingreactionpredominatesatpHabove6,whiletheoxygenonebecomessignificantbelowthat.Forexample,at80 °C,withNaOClandNaClconcentrationsof80mM,andpH6–6.5,thechlorateisproducedwith∼95%efficiency.TheoxygenpathwaypredominatesatpH10.[22]Thisdecompositionisaffectedbylight[23]andmetalioncatalystssuchascopper,nickel,cobalt,[22]andiridium.[24]CatalystslikesodiumdichromateNa2Cr2O7andsodiummolybdateNa2MoO4maybeaddedindustriallytoreducetheoxygenpathway,butareportclaimsthatonlythelatteriseffective.[22] Titration[edit] Titrationofhypochloritesolutionsisoftendonebyaddingameasuredsampletoanexcessamountofacidifiedsolutionofpotassiumiodide(KI)andthentitratingtheliberatediodine(I2)withastandardsolutionofsodiumthiosulfateorphenylarsineoxide,usingstarchasindicator,untilthebluecolordisappears.[16] AccordingtooneUSpatent,thestabilityofsodiumhypochloritecontentofsolidsorsolutionscanbedeterminedbymonitoringtheinfraredabsorptionduetotheO–Clbond.Thecharacteristicwavelengthisgivenas140.25μmforwatersolutions,140.05μmforthesoliddihydrateNaOCl·2H2O,and139.08μmfortheanhydrousmixedsaltNa2(OCl)(OH).[18] Oxidationoforganiccompounds[edit] Oxidationofstarchbysodiumhypochlorite,thataddscarbonylandcarboxylgroups,isrelevanttotheproductionofmodifiedstarchproducts.[25] Inthepresenceofaphase-transfercatalyst,alcoholsareoxidizedtothecorrespondingcarbonylcompound(aldehydeorketone).[26][6]Sodiumhypochloritecanalsooxidizeorganicsulfidestosulfoxidesorsulfones,disulfidesorthiolstosulfonylchloridesorbromides,iminestooxaziridines.[6]Itcanalsode-aromatizephenols.[6] Oxidationofmetalsandcomplexes[edit] Heterogeneousreactionsofsodiumhypochloriteandmetalssuchaszincproceedslowlytogivethemetaloxideorhydroxide: NaOCl+Zn→ZnO+NaCl Homogeneousreactionswithmetalcoordinationcomplexesproceedsomewhatfaster.ThishasbeenexploitedintheJacobsenepoxidation. Otherreactions[edit] Ifnotproperlystoredinairtightcontainers,sodiumhypochloritereactswithcarbondioxidetoformsodiumcarbonate: 2NaOCl+CO2+H2O→Na2CO3+2HOCl Sodiumhypochloritereactswithmostnitrogencompoundstoformvolatilemonochloramine,dichloramines,andnitrogentrichloride: NH3+NaOCl→NH2Cl+NaOH NH2Cl+NaOCl→NHCl2+NaOH NHCl2+NaOCl→NCl3+NaOH Neutralization[edit] Sodiumthiosulfateisaneffectivechlorineneutralizer.Rinsingwitha5 mg/Lsolution,followedbywashingwithsoapandwater,willremovechlorineodorfromthehands.[27] Production[edit] Chlorinationofsoda[edit] Potassiumhypochloritewasfirstproducedin1789byClaudeLouisBertholletinhislaboratoryontheQuaideJavelinParis,France,bypassingchlorinegasthroughasolutionofpotashlye.Theresultingliquid,knownas"EaudeJavel"("Javelwater"),wasaweaksolutionofpotassiumhypochlorite.AntoineLabarraquereplacedpotashlyebythecheapersodalye,thusobtainingsodiumhypochlorite(EaudeLabarraque).[28][29] Cl2(g)+2NaOH(aq)→NaCl(aq)+NaClO(aq)+H2O(aq) Hence,chlorineissimultaneouslyreducedandoxidized;thisprocessisknownasdisproportionation. TheprocessisalsousedtopreparethepentahydrateNaOCl·5H2Oforindustrialandlaboratoryuse.Inatypicalprocess,chlorinegasisaddedtoa45–48%NaOHsolution.Someofthesodiumchlorideprecipitatesandisremovedbyfiltration,andthepentahydrateisthenobtainedbycoolingthefiltrateto12 °C.[6] Fromcalciumhypochlorite[edit] Anothermethodinvolvedthereactionofsodiumcarbonate("washingsoda")withchlorinatedlime("bleachingpowder"),amixtureofcalciumhypochloriteCa(OCl)2,calciumchlorideCaCl2,andcalciumhydroxideCa(OH)2: Na2CO3(aq)+Ca(OCl)2(aq)→CaCO3(s)+2NaOCl(aq) Na2CO3(aq)+CaCl2(aq)→CaCO3(s)+2NaCl(aq) Na2CO3(aq)+Ca(OH)2(s)→CaCO3(s)+2NaOH(aq) ThismethodwascommonlyusedtoproducehypochloritesolutionsforuseasahospitalantisepticthatwassoldafterWorldWarIunderthenames"Eusol",anabbreviationforEdinburghUniversitySolutionOf(chlorinated)Lime–areferencetotheuniversity'spathologydepartment,whereitwasdeveloped.[30] Electrolysisofbrine[edit] Neartheendofthenineteenthcentury,E.S.Smithpatentedthechloralkaliprocess:amethodofproducingsodiumhypochloriteinvolvingtheelectrolysisofbrinetoproducesodiumhydroxideandchlorinegas,whichthenmixedtoformsodiumhypochlorite.[31][29][32]Thekeyreactionsare: 2Cl−→Cl2+2e−(attheanode) 2H2O+2e−→H2+2HO−(atthecathode) Bothelectricpowerandbrinesolutionwereincheapsupplyatthetime,andvariousenterprisingmarketerstookadvantageofthesituationtosatisfythemarket'sdemandforsodiumhypochlorite.Bottledsolutionsofsodiumhypochloriteweresoldundernumeroustradenames. Today,animprovedversionofthismethod,knownastheHookerprocess(namedafterHookerChemicals,acquiredbyOccidentalPetroleum),istheonlylarge-scaleindustrialmethodofsodiumhypochloriteproduction.Intheprocess,sodiumhypochlorite(NaClO)andsodiumchloride(NaCl)areformedwhenchlorineispassedintocolddilutesodiumhydroxidesolution.Thechlorineispreparedindustriallybyelectrolysiswithminimalseparationbetweentheanodeandthecathode.Thesolutionmustbekeptbelow40 °C(bycoolingcoils)topreventtheundesiredformationofsodiumchlorate. Commercialsolutionsalwayscontainsignificantamountsofsodiumchloride(commonsalt)asthemainby-product,asseenintheequationabove. Fromhypochlorousacidandsoda[edit] A1966patentdescribestheproductionofsolidstabledihydrateNaOCl·2H2Obyreactingachloride-freesolutionofhypochlorousacidHClO(suchaspreparedfromchlorinemonoxideClOandwater),withaconcentratedsolutionofsodiumhydroxide.Inatypicalpreparation,255mLofasolutionwith118g/LHClOisslowlyaddedwithstirringtoasolutionof40gofNaOHinwater0 °C.Somesodiumchlorideprecipitatesandisremovedbyfitration.Thesolutionisvacuumevaporatedat40–50 °Cand1–2mmHguntilthedihydratecrystallizesout.Thecrystalsarevacuum-driedtoproduceafree-flowingcrystallinepowder.[18] Thesameprinciplewasusedinanother2050patenttoproduceconcentratedslurriesofthepentahydrateNaClO·5H2O.Typically,a35%solution(byweight)ofHClOiscombinedwithsodiumhydroxideataboutorbelow25 °C.Theresultingslurrycontainsabout35%NaClO,andarerelativelystableduetothelowconcentrationofchloride.[33] Fromozoneandsalt[edit] Sodiumhypochloritecanbeeasilyproducedforresearchpurposesbyreactingozonewithsalt. NaCl+O3→NaClO+O2 Thisreactionhappensatroomtemperatureandcanbehelpfulforoxidizingalcohols. Packagingandsale[edit] Mainarticle:Bleach Bleachpackagedforhouseholduse,with2.6%sodiumhypochlorite Householdbleachsoldforuseinlaunderingclothesisa3–8%solutionofsodiumhypochloriteatthetimeofmanufacture.Strengthvariesfromoneformulationtoanotherandgraduallydecreaseswithlongstorage.SodiumhydroxideisusuallyaddedinsmallamountstohouseholdbleachtoslowdownthedecompositionofNaClO.[8] Domesticusepatioblackspotremoverproductsare~10%solutionsofsodiumhypochlorite. A10–25%solutionofsodiumhypochloriteis,accordingtoUnivar'ssafetysheet,suppliedwithsynonymsortradenamesbleach,Hypo,Everchlor,Chloros,Hispec,Bridos,Bleacol,orVo-redox9110.[34] A12%solutioniswidelyusedinwaterworksforthechlorinationofwater,anda15%solutionismorecommonly[35]usedfordisinfectionofwastewaterintreatmentplants.Sodiumhypochloritecanalsobeusedforpoint-of-usedisinfectionofdrinkingwater,[36]taking0.2-2mgofsodiumhypochloriteperliterofwater.[37] Dilutesolutions(50ppmto1.5%)arefoundindisinfectingspraysandwipesusedonhardsurfaces.[38] [39] Uses[edit] Bleaching[edit] Householdbleachis,ingeneral,asolutioncontaining3–8%sodiumhypochlorite,byweight,and0.01–0.05%sodiumhydroxide;thesodiumhydroxideisusedtoslowthedecompositionofsodiumhypochloriteintosodiumchlorideandsodiumchlorate.[40] Cleaning[edit] Sodiumhypochloritehasdestainingproperties.[41]Amongotherapplications,itcanbeusedtoremovemoldstains,dentalstainscausedbyfluorosis,[42]andstainsoncrockery,especiallythosecausedbythetanninsintea.Ithasalsobeenusedinlaundrydetergentsandasasurfacecleaner.Itisalsousedinsodiumhypochloritewashes. Itsbleaching,cleaning,deodorizingandcausticeffectsareduetooxidationandhydrolysis(saponification).Organicdirtexposedtohypochloritebecomeswater-solubleandnon-volatile,whichreducesitsodorandfacilitatesitsremoval. Disinfection[edit] Seealso:Hypochlorousacid Sodiumhypochloriteinsolutionexhibitsbroadspectrumanti-microbialactivityandiswidelyusedinhealthcarefacilitiesinavarietyofsettings.[43]Itisusuallydilutedinwaterdependingonitsintendeduse."Strongchlorinesolution"isa0.5%solutionofhypochlorite(containingapproximately5000ppmfreechlorine)usedfordisinfectingareascontaminatedwithbodyfluids,includinglargebloodspills(theareaisfirstcleanedwithdetergentbeforebeingdisinfected).[43][44]Itmaybemadebydilutinghouseholdbleachasappropriate(normally1partbleachto9partswater).[45]SuchsolutionshavebeendemonstratedtoinactivatebothC.difficile[43]andHPV.[46]"Weakchlorinesolution"isa0.05%solutionofhypochloriteusedforwashinghands,butisnormallypreparedwithcalciumhypochloritegranules.[44] "Dakin'sSolution"isadisinfectantsolutioncontaininglowconcentrationofsodiumhypochloriteandsomeboricacidorsodiumbicarbonatetostabilizethepH.IthasbeenfoundtobeeffectivewithNaOClconcentrationsaslowas0.025%.[47] USgovernmentregulationsallowfoodprocessingequipmentandfoodcontactsurfacestobesanitizedwithsolutionscontainingbleach,providedthatthesolutionisallowedtodrainadequatelybeforecontactwithfood,andthatthesolutionsdonotexceed200partspermillion(ppm)availablechlorine(forexample,onetablespoonoftypicalhouseholdbleachcontaining5.25%sodiumhypochlorite,pergallonofwater).[48]Ifhigherconcentrationsareused,thesurfacemustberinsedwithpotablewateraftersanitizing. Asimilarconcentrationofbleachinwarmwaterisusedtosanitizesurfacespriortobrewingofbeerorwine.Surfacesmustberinsedwithsterilized(boiled)watertoavoidimpartingflavorstothebrew;thechlorinatedbyproductsofsanitizingsurfacesarealsoharmful.Themodeofdisinfectantactionofsodiumhypochloriteissimilartothatofhypochlorousacid. Solutionscontainingmorethan500ppmavailablechlorinearecorrosivetosomemetals,alloysandmanythermoplastics(suchasacetalresin)andneedtobethoroughlyremovedafterwards,sothebleachdisinfectionissometimesfollowedbyanethanoldisinfection.Liquidscontainingsodiumhypochloriteasthemainactivecomponentarealsousedforhouseholdcleaninganddisinfection,forexampletoiletcleaners.[49]Somecleanersareformulatedtobeviscoussoasnottodrainquicklyfromverticalsurfaces,suchastheinsideofatoiletbowl. Theundissociated(nonionized)hypochlorousacidisbelievedtoreactwithandinactivatebacterialandviralenzymes. Neutrophilsofthehumanimmunesystemproducesmallamountsofhypochloriteinsidephagosomes,whichdigestbacteriaandviruses. Deodorizing[edit] Sodiumhypochloritehasdeodorizingproperties,whichgohandinhandwithitscleaningproperties.[41] Wastewatertreatment[edit] Sodiumhypochloritesolutionshavebeenusedtotreatdilutecyanidewastewater,suchaselectroplatingwastes.Inbatchtreatmentoperations,sodiumhypochloritehasbeenusedtotreatmoreconcentratedcyanidewastes,suchassilvercyanideplatingsolutions.Toxiccyanideisoxidizedtocyanate(OCN−)thatisnottoxic,idealizedasfollows: CN−+OCl−→OCN−+Cl− Sodiumhypochloriteiscommonlyusedasabiocideinindustrialapplicationstocontrolslimeandbacteriaformationinwatersystemsusedatpowerplants,pulpandpapermills,etc.,insolutionstypicallyof10–15%byweight. Endodontics[edit] Sodiumhypochloriteisthemedicamentofchoiceduetoitsefficacyagainstpathogenicorganismsandpulpdigestioninendodontictherapy.Itsconcentrationforusevariesfrom0.5%to5.25%.Atlowconcentrationsitdissolvesmainlynecrotictissue;athigherconcentrationsitalsodissolvesvitaltissueandadditionalbacterialspecies.OnestudyhasshownthatEnterococcusfaecaliswasstillpresentinthedentinafter40minutesofexposureof1.3%and2.5%sodiumhypochlorite,whereas40minutesataconcentrationof5.25%waseffectiveinE.faecalisremoval.[50]Inadditiontohigherconcentrationsofsodiumhypochlorite,longertimeexposureandwarmingthesolution(60 °C)alsoincreasesitseffectivenessinremovingsofttissueandbacteriawithintherootcanalchamber.[50]2%isacommonconcentrationasthereislessriskofaniatrogenichypochloriteincident.[51]Ahypochloriteincidentisanimmediatereactionofseverepain,followedbyedema,haematoma,andecchymosisasaconsequenceofthesolutionescapingtheconfinesofthetoothandenteringtheperiapicalspace.Thismaybecausedbybindingorexcessivepressureontheirrigantsyringe,oritmayoccurifthetoothhasanunusuallylargeapicalforamen.[52] Nerveagentneutralization[edit] Thissectiondoesnotciteanysources.Pleasehelpimprovethissectionbyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(March2020)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Atthevariousnerveagent(chemicalwarfarenervegas)destructionfacilitiesthroughouttheUnitedStates,50%sodiumhypochloriteisusedtoremovealltracesofnerveagentorblisteragentfromPersonalProtectionEquipmentafteranentryismadebypersonnelintotoxicareas.50%sodiumhypochloriteisalsousedtoneutralizeanyaccidentalreleasesofnerveagentinthetoxicareas.LesserconcentrationsofsodiumhypochloriteareusedinsimilarfashioninthePollutionAbatementSystemtoensurethatnonerveagentisreleasedinfurnacefluegas. Reductionofskindamage[edit] Dilutebleachbathshavebeenusedfordecadestotreatmoderatetosevereeczemainhumans,[53][54]butithasnotbeenclearwhytheywork.AccordingtoworkpublishedbyresearchersattheStanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicineinNovember2013,averydilute(0.005%)solutionofsodiumhypochloriteinwaterwassuccessfulintreatingskindamagewithaninflammatorycomponentcausedbyradiationtherapy,excesssunexposureoraginginlaboratorymice.Micewithradiationdermatitisgivendaily30-minutebathsinbleachsolutionexperiencedlesssevereskindamageandbetterhealingandhairregrowththananimalsbathedinwater.Amoleculecallednuclearfactorkappa-light-chain-enhancerofactivatedBcells(NF-κB)isknowntoplayacriticalroleininflammation,aging,andresponsetoradiation.TheresearchersfoundthatifNF-κBactivitywasblockedinelderlymicebybathingtheminbleachsolution,theanimals'skinbegantolookyounger,goingfromoldandfragiletothicker,withincreasedcellproliferation.Theeffectdiminishedafterthebathswerestopped,indicatingthatregularexposurewasnecessarytomaintainskinthickness.[53][55] Safety[edit] Itisestimatedthatthereareabout3,300accidentsneedinghospitaltreatmentcausedbysodiumhypochloritesolutionseachyearinBritishhomes(RoSPA,2002). Oxidationandcorrosion[edit] Sodiumhypochloriteisastrongoxidizer.Oxidationreactionsarecorrosive.Solutionsburntheskinandcauseeyedamage,especiallywhenusedinconcentratedforms.AsrecognizedbytheNFPA,however,onlysolutionscontainingmorethan40%sodiumhypochloritebyweightareconsideredhazardousoxidizers.Solutionslessthan40%areclassifiedasamoderateoxidizinghazard(NFPA430,2000). Householdbleachandpoolchlorinatorsolutionsaretypicallystabilizedbyasignificantconcentrationoflye(causticsoda,NaOH)aspartofthemanufacturingreaction.Thisadditivewillbyitselfcausecausticirritationorburnsduetodefattingandsaponificationofskinoilsanddestructionoftissue.Theslipperyfeelofbleachonskinisduetothisprocess. Storagehazards[edit] Contactofsodiumhypochloritesolutionswithmetalsmayevolveflammablehydrogengas.Containersmayexplodewhenheatedduetoreleaseofchlorinegas.[13] Hypochloritesolutionsarecorrosivetocommoncontainermaterialssuchasstainlesssteel[6]andaluminium.Thefewcompatiblemetalsincludetitanium(whichhoweverisnotcompatiblewithdrychlorine)andtantalum.[8]Glasscontainersaresafe.[6]Someplasticsandrubbersareaffectedtoo;safechoicesincludepolyethylene(PE),highdensitypolyethylene(HDPE,PE-HD),polypropylene(PP),[6]somechlorinatedandfluorinatedpolymerssuchaspolyvinylchloride(PVC),polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE),andpolyvinylidenefluoride(PVDF);aswellasethylenepropylenerubber,andViton.[8] Containersmustallowventingofoxygenproducedbydecompositionovertime,otherwisetheymayburst.[3] Reactionswithothercommonproducts[edit] Mixingbleachwithsomehouseholdcleanerscanbehazardous. Sodiumhypochloritesolutions,suchasliquidbleach,willreleasetoxicchlorinegaswhenmixedwithanacid,suchashydrochloricacidorvinegar. A2008studyindicatedthatsodiumhypochloriteandorganicchemicals(e.g.,surfactants,fragrances)containedinseveralhouseholdcleaningproductscanreacttogeneratechlorinatedvolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs).[56]Thesechlorinatedcompoundsareemittedduringcleaningapplications,someofwhicharetoxicandprobablehumancarcinogens.Thestudyshowedthatindoorairconcentrationssignificantlyincrease(8–52timesforchloroformand1–1170timesforcarbontetrachloride,respectively,abovebaselinequantitiesinthehousehold)duringtheuseofbleachcontainingproducts.Theincreaseinchlorinatedvolatileorganiccompoundconcentrationswasthelowestforplainbleachandthehighestfortheproductsintheformof"thickliquidandgel."ThesignificantincreasesobservedinindoorairconcentrationsofseveralchlorinatedVOCs(especiallycarbontetrachlorideandchloroform)indicatethatthebleachusemaybeasourcethatcouldbeimportantintermsofinhalationexposuretothesecompounds.Theauthorssuggestedthatusingthesecleaningproductsmaysignificantlyincreasethecancerrisk.[56] Inparticular,mixinghypochloritebleacheswithamines(forexample,cleaningproductsthatcontainorreleaseammonia,ammoniumsalts,urea,orrelatedcompoundsandbiologicalmaterialssuchasurine)produceschloramines.[57][13]Thesegaseousproductscancauseacutelunginjury.Chronicexposure,forexample,fromtheairatswimmingpoolswherechlorineisusedasthedisinfectant,canleadtothedevelopmentofatopicasthma.[58] Bleachcanreactviolentlywithhydrogenperoxideandproduceoxygengas: H2O2(aq)+NaOCl(aq)→NaCl(aq)+H2O(aq)+O2(g) Explosivereactionsorbyproductscanalsooccurinindustrialandlaboratorysettingswhensodiumhypochloriteismixedwithdiverseorganiccompounds.[13] Limitationsinhealthcare[edit] TheUK'sNationalInstituteforHealthandCareExcellenceinOctober2008recommendedthatDakin'ssolutionshouldnotbeusedinroutinewoundcare.[59] Environmentalimpact[edit] Inspiteofitsstrongbiocidalaction,sodiumhypochloritepersehaslimitedenvironmentalimpact,sincethehypochloriteionrapidlydegradesbeforeitcanbeabsorbedbylivingbeings.[60] However,onemajorconcernarisingfromsodiumhypochloriteuseisthatittendstoformpersistentchlorinatedorganiccompounds,includingknowncarcinogens,thatcanbeabsorbedbyorganismsandenterthefoodchain.Thesecompoundsmaybeformedduringhouseholdstorageanduseaswellduringindustrialuse.[40]Forexample,whenhouseholdbleachandwastewaterweremixed,1–2%oftheavailablechlorinewasobservedtoformorganiccompounds.[40]Asof1994,notallthebyproductshadbeenidentified,butidentifiedcompoundsincludechloroformandcarbontetrachloride.[40]Theexposuretothesechemicalsfromuseisestimatedtobewithinoccupationalexposurelimits.[40] Seealso[edit] CalciumhypochloriteCa(OCl)2("bleachingpowder") PotassiumhypochloriteKOCl(theoriginal"Javelwater") LithiumhypochloriteLiOCl Sodiumhypochloritewashes Mixedoxidant References[edit] ^BudavariS,O'NeilM,SmithA,HeckelmanP,ObenchainJ(1996)."Sodiumhypochlorite".TheMerckIndex(12th ed.).p. 1478.ISBN 978-0-911910-12-4. ^"sodiumhypochlorite|chemicalcompound|Britannica".www.britannica.com.Retrieved21March2022. 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Externallinks[edit] InternationalChemicalSafetyCard0482(solutions<10%activeCl) InternationalChemicalSafetyCard1119(solutions>10%activeCl) Institutnationalderechercheetdesécurité(inFrench) HomeandLeisureAccidentStatistics2002(UKRoSPA) EmergencyDisinfectionofDrinkingWater(UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency) ChlorinatedDrinkingWater(IARCMonograph) NTPStudyReportTR-392:Chlorinated&ChloraminatedWater(USNIH) GuidelinesfortheUseofChlorineBleachasaSanitizerinFoodProcessingOperations(OklahomaStateUniversity) vteAntisepticsanddisinfectants(D08)Acridinederivatives Ethacridinelactate 9-Aminoacridine Euflavine Biguanidesandamidines Dibrompropamidine Chlorhexidine# Propamidine Hexamidine Polihexanide Phenolandderivatives Hexachlorophene Policresulen Phenol Triclosan Triclocarban Chloroxylenol# Biphenylol Fenticlor Nitrofuranderivatives Nitrofurazone Iodineproducts Iodine/octylphenoxypolyglycolether Povidone-iodine# Diiodohydroxypropane Quinolinederivatives Dequalinium Chlorquinaldol Oxyquinoline Clioquinol Quaternaryammoniumcompounds Benzalkonium Benzethoniumchloride Cetrimonium(bromide/chloride) Cetylpyridinium Cetrimide Benzoxoniumchloride Didecyldimethylammoniumchloride Mercurialproducts Mercuricamidochloride Phenylmercuricborate Mercuricchloride Merbromin Nitromersol Thiomersal Mercuriciodide Silvercompounds Silvernitrate Alcohols Propanol(propylalcohol) Isopropanol(isopropylalcohol) Ethanol(ethylalcohol)# Other Potassiumpermanganate Sodiumhypochlorite Halazone Monalazone Hydrogenperoxide Eosin Chloramine-T(tosylchloramide) Octenidinedihydrochloride #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawnfrommarket Clinicaltrials: †PhaseIII §NevertophaseIII vteSodiumcompoundsInorganicHalides NaF NaCl NaBr NaI NaAt Chalcogenides NaO2 Na2O Na2O2 NaOH NaOD Na2S NaSH Na2Se NaSeH Na2Te Na2Po Pnictogenides Na3N NaN3 NaNH2 Na3P Na3As Oxyhalides NaClO NaClO2 NaClO3 NaClO4 NaBrO NaBrO2 NaBrO3 NaBrO4 NaIO3 NaIO4 Oxychalcogenides NaHSO3 NaHSO4 Na2SO4 Na2S2O3 Na2S2O7 Na2S2O8 Na2SO3 Na2S2O4 Na2S2O5 Na2S2O6 Na2SeO3 Na2SeO4 NaHSeO3 Na2TeO3 Oxypnictogenides NaNO2 NaNO3 NaNO4 Na2N2O2 NaH2PO4 NaPO2H2 Na2PO3F Na3PO4 Na5P3O10 Na4P2O7 Na3AsO4 Na2HAsO4 NaH2AsO4 NaSbO3 Others NaAlH4 NaAlO2 NaAl(SO4) NaBH4 NaBH3(CN) NaBO2 NaBiO3 NaCN NaCNO NaH NaHCO3 NaHXeO4 NaMnO4 NaOCN NaReO4 NaSCN NaTcO4 NaVO3 Na2CO3 Na2C2O4 Na2CrO4 Na2Cr2O7 Na2GeO3 Na2He Na2MnO4 Na2MoO4 Na2O(UO3)2 Na2S4O6 Na2SiO3 Na2TiO3 Na2U2O7 Na2WO4 Na2Zn(OH)4 Na3VO4 Na4Fe(CN)6 Na4SiO4 Na2PdCl4 Organic NaCH3COO NaC6H5CO2 NaC6H4(OH)CO2 NaC10H8 C6H16AlNaO4 NaC6H7O6 C5H8NO4Na C164H256O68S2Na2 Chemicalformulas Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hypochlorite&oldid=1088373130" Categories:AntisepticsBleachesDisinfectantsHypochloritesOxidizingagentsSodiumcompoundsHiddencategories:CS1errors:missingperiodicalCS1errors:deprecatedparametersWebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataUsedmydatesfromMarch2020ChemicalarticleswithmultiplecompoundIDsMultiplechemicalsinaninfoboxthatneedindexingChemicalarticleswithmultipleCASregistrynumbersECHAInfoCardIDfromWikidataPagesusingcollapsiblelistwithbothbackgroundandtext-alignintitlestyleChemboxhavingGHSdataGHSwarningsArticlescontainingunverifiedchemicalinfoboxesAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJune2018ArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromMarch2020Allarticlesneedingadditionalreferences Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages العربيةتۆرکجهবাংলাБългарскиCatalàČeštinaDanskDeutschΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançais한국어ՀայերենBahasaIndonesiaItalianoעבריתქართულიҚазақшаKurdîLatviešuMagyarBahasaMelayuNederlands日本語NorskbokmålپنجابیPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaTürkçeУкраїнськаTiếngViệt中文 Editlinks