Language proficiency - Wikipedia

Language proficiency is the ability of an individual to use language with a level of accuracy that transfers meaning in production and comprehension. Languageproficiency FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Measurementoflinguisticability Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "Languageproficiency" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(July2015)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Languageproficiencyistheabilityofanindividualtouselanguagewithalevelofaccuracythattransfersmeaninginproductionandcomprehension.Thereisnosingulardefinitionoflanguageproficiency,however,andthishasimplicationsforitsapplicationinotherlanguagedomainssuchasliteracy,testing,endangeredlanguages,languageimpairment,etc.Thereislittleconsistencyastohowdifferentorganizationsclassifyit.Native-levelfluencyisestimatedtorequirealexiconbetween20,000and40,000words,butbasicconversationalfluencymightrequireasfewas3,000words.[1] Contents 1Developinglanguageproficiency 2Issuesindefininglanguageproficiency 3Organizations 3.1ACTFL 4Proficiencyframeworks 5Proficiencytests 6Language-relatedorganizations 7Seealso 8Notesandreferences Developinglanguageproficiency[edit] Developingproficiencyinanylanguagebeginswithwordlearning.Bythetimetheyare12monthsold,childrenlearntheirfirstwordsandbythetimetheyare36monthsold,theymayknowwellover900wordswiththeirutterancesintelligibletothepeoplewhointeractwiththemthemost.[2][3] Developinglanguageproficiencyimprovesanindividual’scapacitytocommunicate.Overtimethroughinteractionandthroughexposuretonewformsoflanguageinuse,anindividuallearnsnewwords,sentencestructures,andmeanings,therebyincreasingtheircommandofusingaccurateformsofthetargetlanguage. Issuesindefininglanguageproficiency[edit] Languagesthatareconsideredendangeredareundergoingeffortstorevitalizethem.Someoftheselanguageshavefewspeakers,whilesomehavenone.Thelearnersoftheselanguagesareengagedinusingdocumentedresources(i.e.wordlists,hymnals,bibles)torelearntheirlanguages.Languageproficiencyinthesecasesofendangermentisbeingdeterminedbyhowmuchlanguageislearnedinthesecommunitiesthroughtheseefforts;proficientspeakersarebeingdeterminedbythesecommunities.[4][5] Organizations[edit] ACTFL[edit] TheAmericanCouncilontheTeachingofForeignLanguages(ACTFL)distinguishesbetweenproficiencyandperformance.Inpart,ACTFL'sdefinitionofproficiencyisderivedfrommandatesissuedbytheU.S.government,declaringthatalimitedEnglishproficientstudentisonewhocomesfromanon-Englishbackgroundand"whohassufficientdifficultyspeaking,reading,writing,orunderstandingtheEnglishlanguageandwhosedifficultiesmaydenysuchanindividualtheopportunitytolearnsuccessfullyinclassroomswherethelanguageofinstructionisEnglishortoparticipatefullyinoursociety". ACTFLviews"performance"asbeingthecombinedeffectofallthreemodesofcommunication:interpretive,interpersonal,andpresentational. Proficiencyframeworks[edit] Notethattestscoresmaynotcorrelatereliably,asdifferentunderstandingsofproficiencyleadtodifferenttypesofassessment: FSITest(ForeignServiceInstitute)Scoresrangefrom0to5.[6](deprecated) InteragencyLanguageRoundtableScoresrangefrom0to5.[6](evolvedfromFSI) LanguageProficiencyIndex ACTFLProficiencyGuidelinesACTFLrecognisestendifferentlevelsofproficiency:"novice","intermediate","advanced",and"superior",ofwhichthefirstthreeareeachsubdividedinto"low","mid",and"high". CommonEuropeanFrameworkofReferenceforLanguagesCEFRrecognisessixlevels:A1,A2,B1,B2,C1andC2. Proficiencytests[edit] Onlinelanguageproficiencytest(Level4,Level5,Level6)forpilotsinenglishorgerman AvantSTAMP(STAndards-basedMeasurementofProficiency)[7] CambridgeEnglishLanguageAssessmenttests CaMLA(CambridgeMichiganLanguageAssessments) CELI(CertificatodiConoscenzadellaLinguaItaliana) CELPE-Bras(CertificateofProficiencyinPortugueseforForeigners) CILS(CertificazionediItalianocomeLinguaStraniera) DALF DefenseLanguageProficiencyTests DELF(Diplômed'étudesenlanguefrançaise) DELE(DiplomasofSpanishasForeignLanguage) ExaminationforJapaneseUniversityAdmission GeneralEnglishProficiencyTest GOETHE HSK(汉语水平考试HànyǔShuǐpíngKǎoshì) IELTS(InternationalEnglishLanguageTestingSystem) iTEP(InternationalTestofEnglishProficiency) JapaneseLanguageProficiencyTest(日本語能力試験NihongoNōryokuShiken) LanguageProficiencyAssessmentforTeachers PearsonTestofEnglishAcademic(PTE-A) PippletFluencyExamCEFRoralandwriting PLIDA(ProgettoLinguaItalianaDanteAlighieri) TheEuropeanLanguageCertificates(telc-languagetests) TOEFL(TestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage) TOEIC(TestofEnglishforInternationalCommunication) TOPIK(한국어능력시험TestofProficiencyinKorean) TEPS(TestofEnglishProficiencydevelopedbySeoulNationalUniversity) TestofRussianasaForeignLanguage Testdefrançaisinternational Testdeconnaissancedufrançais TOCFL(華語文能力測驗TestofChineseasaForeignLanguage) UBELT(UniversityofBathEnglishLanguageTest) Seealso:Languagetestscategory Language-relatedorganizations[edit] AllianceFrançaise AIL(AccademiaItalianadiLingua) AmericanCouncilontheTeachingofForeignLanguages AssociationofLanguageTestersinEurope ConfuciusInstitute Foreignserviceinstitute Goethe-Institut InstitutoCervantes JapanFoundation SocietàDanteAlighieri UCLES UNIcert UONEDU Seealso[edit] EFEnglishProficiencyIndex Fluency Vocabulary–Thesetofwordsinagivenlanguagethataspeakerisfamiliarwith,whichcanbesubdividedinto:a)wordswhicharerecognizeduponhearingorreading;andb)wordswhichapersonfeelscomfortableusinginspeech. Notesandreferences[edit] ^[1]ArchivedJanuary9,2014,attheWaybackMachine ^Bloom,Paul;Markson,Lori(1998)."Capacitiesunderlyingwordlearning".TrendsinCognitiveSciences.2(2):67–73.doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(98)01121-8.PMID 21227068. ^Owens,R.E.(2016).LanguageDevelopment(9thEd.).Boston:Pearson. ^Hinton,L(2011)."Languagerevitalizationandlanguagepedagogy:Newteachingandlearningstrategies".LanguageandEducation.25(4):307–318.doi:10.1080/09500782.2011.577220. ^Leonard,W.(2018)."Reflectionson(de)colonialisminlanguagedocumentation".InMcDonnell,Bradley;Berez-Kroeker,AndreaL.;Holton,Gary(eds.).ReflectionsonLanguageDocumentation20YearsafterHimmelmann1998.LanguageDocumentation&ConservationSpecialPublicationno.15.Honolulu:UniversityofHawai'iPress.pp. 55–65. ^ab"ILRScale".Utm.edu.Retrieved2015-07-23. ^"Avant-STAMP4S".avantassessment.com.Retrieved2016-02-11. 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