Tony Blair - Wikipedia

Sir Anthony Charles Lynton Blair KG (born 6 May 1953) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and ... TonyBlair FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch PrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomfrom1997to2007 "AnthonyBlair"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeAnthonyBlair(disambiguation)andTonyBlair(disambiguation). TheRightHonourableSirTonyBlairKGBlairin2010PrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomInoffice2May1997 –27June2007MonarchElizabethIIDeputyJohnPrescottPrecededbyJohnMajorSucceededbyGordonBrownLeaderoftheOppositionInoffice21July1994 –2May1997MonarchElizabethIIPrimeMinisterJohnMajorDeputyJohnPrescottPrecededbyMargaretBeckettSucceededbyJohnMajorLeaderoftheLabourPartyInoffice21July1994 –24June2007DeputyJohnPrescottGeneral Secretary TomSawyer MargaretMcDonagh DavidTriesman MattCarter PeterWatt Chair CharlesClarke JohnReid IanMcCartney HazelBlears PrecededbyJohnSmithSucceededbyGordonBrown ShadowCabinetposts ShadowHomeSecretaryInoffice24July1992 –24October1994Leader JohnSmith MargaretBeckett(acting) Himself PrecededbyRoyHattersleySucceededbyJackStrawShadowSecretaryofStateforEmploymentInoffice2November1989 –24July1992LeaderNeilKinnockPrecededbyMichaelMeacherSucceededbyFrankDobsonShadowSecretaryofStateforEnergyInoffice23November1988 –2November1989LeaderNeilKinnockPrecededbyJohnPrescottSucceededbyFrankDobsonShadowMinisterforTradeInoffice13July1987 –23November1988LeaderNeilKinnockPrecededbyBryanGouldSucceededbyRobinCook Furtherofficesheld SpecialEnvoyoftheQuartetontheMiddle EastInoffice27June2007 –27May2015PrecededbyJamesWolfensohnSucceededbyKitodeBoerMemberofParliamentforSedgefieldInoffice9June1983 –27June2007PrecededbyConstituencyestablished[a]SucceededbyPhilWilson PersonaldetailsBornAnthonyCharlesLyntonBlair(1953-05-06)6May1953(age 69)Edinburgh,ScotlandPoliticalpartyLabourSpouse(s)CherieBooth​(m. 1980)​Children4Parent(s)LeoBlair(father)RelativesSirWilliamBlair(brother)Education ChoristerSchool FettesCollege Almamater StJohn'sCollege,Oxford(BA) InnsofCourtSchoolofLaw SignatureWebsiteInstituteforGlobalChange ThisarticleispartofaseriesaboutTonyBlair Electoralhistory MPforSedgefield Beaconsfieldby-election LeaderoftheOpposition Leadershipelection BrownDeal ShadowCabinet PrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdom Premiership Policies Blairism NewLabour ThirdWay Appointments "Tony'sCronies" FirstMinistryandTerm Ministry 1997election GoodFridayAgreement PeaceProcess HandoverofHongKong MilitaryinterventioninSierraLeone SecondMinistryandTerm Ministry 2001re-election WarinAfghanistan IraqInvasion Iraqandweaponsofmassdestruction Bushmemo DowningStreetmemo FebruaryDossier Invasion SeptemberDossier UltimatumtoIraq War ThirdMinistryandTerm Ministry 2005re-election Cabinetreshuffle CashforHonours Leadershipsuccession Londonbombings Respectagenda Post–PrimeMinister AJourney Associates FaithFoundation IraqInquiry QuartetontheMiddleEast SportsFoundation InstituteforGlobalChange vte SirAnthonyCharlesLyntonBlairKG(born6May1953)isaBritishpoliticianwhoservedasPrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomfrom1997to2007andLeaderoftheLabourPartyfrom1994to2007.OnhisresignationhewasappointedSpecialEnvoyoftheQuartetontheMiddleEast,adiplomaticpostwhichhehelduntil2015.HehasbeentheexecutivechairmanoftheTonyBlairInstituteforGlobalChangesince2016.Asprimeminister,manyofhispoliciesreflectedacentrist"ThirdWay"politicalphilosophy.[b]HeistheonlylivingformerLabourleadertohaveledthepartytoageneralelectionvictory;andoneofonlytwoinhistorytoformthreemajoritygovernments,theotherbeingHaroldWilson. BlairwasborninEdinburgh.AfterattendingtheindependentschoolFettesCollege,hestudiedlawatStJohn'sCollege,Oxford,andbecameabarrister.HebecameinvolvedinLabourpoliticsandwaselectedMemberofParliamentforSedgefieldin1983.HesupportedmovingthepartytothecentreofBritishpoliticsinanattempttohelpitwinpower(ithadbeenoutofgovernmentsince1979).Hewasappointedtotheparty'sfrontbenchin1988andbecameshadowhomesecretaryin1992.HebecameLeaderoftheOppositiononhiselectionasLabourPartyleaderin1994,followingthesuddendeathofhispredecessor,JohnSmith. UnderBlair,thepartyusedthephrase"NewLabour"todistanceitselffrompreviousLabourpoliticsandthetraditionalideaofsocialism.DespiteoppositionfromLabour'sleft-wing,heabolishedClauseIV,theparty'sformalcommitmenttothenationalisationoftheeconomy,weakenedtradeunioninfluenceintheparty,andcommittedtothefreemarketandtheEuropeanUnion.In1997,theLabourPartywonitslargestlandslidegeneralelectionvictoryinitshistory.Blairbecamethecountry'syoungestleadersince1812andremainstheparty'slongest-servingoccupantoftheoffice.Labourwontwomoregeneralelectionsunderhisleadership—in2001,inwhichitwonanotherlandslidevictory(albeitwiththelowestturnoutsince1918),andin2005,withasubstantiallyreducedmajority.HeresignedasprimeministerandLabourPartyleaderin2007andwassucceededbyGordonBrown,whohadbeenhischancelloroftheExchequersince1997.ThefraughtrelationshipbetweenBlairandBrownhasbeenthesubjectofmuchcontroversyandspeculationsince1994. Blair'sgovernmentsenactedconstitutionalreforms,removingmosthereditarypeersfromtheHouseofLords,whilealsoestablishingtheUK'sSupremeCourtandreformingtheofficeoflordchancellor(therebyseparatingjudicialpowersfromthelegislativeandexecutivebranches).HisgovernmentheldreferendumsinwhichScottishandWelshelectoratesvotedinfavourofdevolvedadministration,pavingthewayfortheestablishmentoftheScottishParliamentandWelshAssemblyin1999.HewasalsoinvolvedinnegotiatingtheGoodFridayAgreement.Histimeinofficeoccurredduringaperiodofcontinuedeconomicgrowth,butthisbecameincreasinglydependentonmountingdebt.In1997,hisgovernmentgavetheBankofEnglandpowerstosetinterestratesautonomously,andhelateroversawalargeincreaseinpublicspending,especiallyinhealthcareandeducation.Hechampionedmulticulturalismand,between1997and2007,immigrationroseconsiderably,especiallyafterhisgovernmentwelcomedimmigrationfromthenewEUmemberstatesin2004.ThisprovidedacheapandflexiblelaboursupplybutalsofuelledEuroscepticism,especiallyamongsomeofhisparty'scorevoters.Hisothersocialpoliciesweregenerallyprogressive;heintroducedtheNationalMinimumWageAct1998,theHumanRightsAct1998,andtheFreedomofInformationAct2000,andin2004allowedgaycouplestoenterintocivilpartnerships.Hedeclaredhimself"toughoncrime,toughonthecausesofcrime"andoversawincreasingincarcerationratesandnewanti-socialbehaviourlegislation,despitecontradictoryevidenceaboutthechangeincrimerates. BlairoversawBritishinterventionsinKosovo(1999)andSierraLeone(2000),whichweregenerallyperceivedassuccessful.DuringtheWaronTerror,hesupportedtheforeignpolicyoftheGeorgeW.BushadministrationandensuredthattheBritishArmedForcesparticipatedintheWarinAfghanistanfrom2001,andmorecontroversiallythe2003invasionofIraq.BlairarguedthattheSaddamHusseinregimepossessedanactiveweaponsofmassdestruction(WMD)program,butnostockpilesofWMDsoranactiveWMDprogramwereeverfoundinIraq.TheIraqWarbecameincreasinglyunpopularamongtheBritishpublic,andhewascriticisedbyopponentsand(in2016)theIraqInquiryforwaginganunjustifiedandunnecessaryinvasion.Hewasinofficewhenthe7/7bombingstookplace(2005)andintroducedarangeofanti-terrorlegislation.Hislegacyremainscontroversial,notleastbecauseoftheAfghanistanandIraqwars.Despitehiselectoralsuccessesandreforms,hehasalsobeencriticisedforhisrelationshipwiththemedia,centralisationofexecutivepowers,andaspectsofhissocialandeconomicpolicies. Contents 1Earlyyears 2Educationandlegalcareer 3Earlypoliticalcareer 3.1Leadershiproles 3.2LeaderoftheOpposition 4Primeminister(1997–2007) 4.1NorthernIreland 4.2MilitaryinterventionandtheWaronTerror 4.3RelationshipwithParliament 4.4Eventsbeforeresignation 5Policies 5.1Socialreforms 5.2Economicpolicies 5.3Immigration 5.4Environmentalrecord 5.5Foreignpolicy 5.5.1MiddleEastpolicy 5.5.2SyriaandLibya 5.5.3Zimbabwe 5.5.4Russia 6Relationshipwithmedia 6.1RupertMurdoch 6.2ContactswithUKmediaproprietors 6.3Mediaportrayal 7RelationshipwithLabourParty 7.1GordonBrown 8Post-premiership(since2007) 8.1Diplomacy 8.2Privatesector 8.3TonyBlairAssociates 8.4Charityandnon-profits 8.5Memoirs 8.6Accusationsofwarcrimes 8.7Politicalinterventionsandviews 8.7.1ResponsetotheIraqInquiry 8.7.2Iran–Westtensions 8.7.3EuropeanUnion 8.7.4Americanpower 8.7.5Labour 9Personallife 9.1Family 9.2Wealth 9.3Religiousfaith 9.4Extramaritalaffairallegations 10Portrayalsandcameoappearances 10.1Appearances 10.2Portrayals 10.3Blairinfictionandsatire 11Honours 12Works 13Seealso 14Explanatorynotes 15References 16Furtherreading 17Externallinks Earlyyears BlairwasbornatQueenMaryMaternityHomeinEdinburgh,Scotland,[1]on6May1953.[2][3]HewasthesecondsonofLeoandHazel(née Corscadden)Blair.[4]LeoBlairwastheillegitimatesonoftwoentertainersandwasadoptedasababybyGlasgowshipyardworkerJamesBlairandhiswife,Mary.[5]HazelCorscaddenwasthedaughterofGeorgeCorscadden,abutcherandOrangemanwhomovedtoGlasgowin1916.In1923,hereturnedto(andlaterdiedin)Ballyshannon,CountyDonegal,inUlster.InBallyshannon,Corscadden'swife,SarahMargaret(néeLipsett),gavebirthabovethefamily'sgroceryshoptoBlair'smother,Hazel.[6][7] Blairhasanolderbrother,SirWilliamBlair,aHighCourtjudge,andayoungersister,Sarah.Blair'sfirsthomewaswithhisfamilyatPaisleyTerraceintheWillowbraeareaofEdinburgh.Duringthisperiod,hisfatherworkedasajuniortaxinspectorwhilstalsostudyingforalawdegreefromtheUniversityofEdinburgh.[1] Blair'sfirstrelocationwaswhenhewasnineteenmonthsold.Attheendof1954,Blair'sparentsandtheirtwosonsmovedfromPaisleyTerracetoAdelaide,SouthAustralia.[8]HisfatherlecturedinlawattheUniversityofAdelaide.[9]ItwaswheninAustraliathatBlair'ssisterSarahwasborn.TheBlairslivedinthesuburbofDulwichclosetotheuniversity.ThefamilyreturnedtotheUnitedKingdominthesummerof1958.TheylivedforatimewithHazel'smotherandstepfather(WilliamMcClay)attheirhomeinSteppsontheoutskirtsofnorth-eastGlasgow.Blair'sfatheracceptedajobasalectureratDurhamUniversity,andthusmovedthefamilytoDurham,England.Agedfive,thismarkedthebeginningofalongassociationBlairwastohavewithDurham.[8] Sincehischildhood,TonyBlairhasbeenafanofNewcastleUnitedfootballclub.[10][11][12] Educationandlegalcareer WithhisparentsbasingtheirfamilyinDurham,BlairattendedtheChoristerSchoolfrom1961to1966.[13]Aged13,hewassenttospendhisschoolterm-timeboardingatFettesCollegeinEdinburghfrom1966to1971.[14]BlairisreportedtohavehatedhistimeatFettes.[15]Histeacherswereunimpressedwithhim;hisbiographer,JohnRentoul,reportedthat"AlltheteachersIspoketowhenresearchingthebooksaidhewasacompletepaininthebacksideandtheywereverygladtoseethebackofhim."[14]BlairreportedlymodelledhimselfonMickJagger,leadsingerofTheRollingStones.[16]DuringhistimetherehemetCharlieFalconer(apupilattherivalEdinburghAcademy),whomhelaterappointedlordchancellor. LeavingFettesCollegeattheageof18,BlairnextspentagapyearinLondonattemptingtofindfameasarockmusicpromoter.[17] In1972,attheageof19,BlairmatriculatedatStJohn'sCollege,Oxford,readingJurisprudenceforthreeyears.[18]Asastudent,heplayedguitarandsanginarockbandcalledUglyRumours,[19]andperformedsomestand-upcomedy,includingparodyingJamesT.KirkasacharacternamedCaptainKink.[20]HewasinfluencedbyfellowstudentandAnglicanpriestPeterThomson,whoawakenedhisreligiousfaithandleft-wingpolitics.WhileatOxford,BlairhasstatedthathewasbrieflyaTrotskyist,afterreadingthefirstvolumeofIsaacDeutscher'sbiographyofLeonTrotsky,whichwas"likealightgoingon".[21][22]HegraduatedfromOxfordattheageof22in1975withasecond-classHonoursB.A.injurisprudence.[23][24] In1975,whileBlairwasatOxford,hismotherHazeldiedaged52ofthyroidcancer,whichgreatlyaffectedhim.[25] AfterOxford,BlairthenbecameamemberofLincoln'sInnandwascalledtotheBarandbecameapupilbarrister.Hemethisfuturewife,CherieBooth(daughteroftheactorTonyBooth)atthechambersfoundedbyDerryIrvine(whowastobeBlair'sfirstlordChancellor),11King'sBenchWalkChambers.[26] Earlypoliticalcareer BlairjoinedtheLabourPartyshortlyaftergraduatingfromOxfordin1975.Intheearly1980s,hewasinvolvedinLabourpoliticsinHackneySouthandShoreditch,wherehealignedhimselfwiththe"softleft"oftheparty.HeputhimselfforwardasacandidatefortheHackneycouncilelectionsof1982inQueensbridgeward,asafeLabourarea,butwasnotselected.[27] In1982,BlairwasselectedastheLabourPartycandidateforthesafeConservativeseatofBeaconsfield,wheretherewasaforthcomingby-election.[28]AlthoughBlairlosttheBeaconsfieldby-electionandLabour'sshareofthevotefellby10percentagepoints,heacquiredaprofilewithintheparty.[citationneeded]Despitehisdefeat,WilliamRussell,politicalcorrespondentforTheGlasgowHerald,describedBlairas"averygoodcandidate",whileacknowledgingthattheresultwas"adisaster"fortheLabourParty.[29]Incontrasttohislatercentrism,BlairmadeitclearinaletterhewrotetoLabourleaderMichaelFootinJuly1982(publishedin2006)thathehad"cometoSocialismthroughMarxism"andconsideredhimselfontheleft.[30]LikeTonyBenn,Blairbelievedthat"Labourright"wasbankrupt:[31]"Socialismultimatelymustappealtothebettermindsofthepeople.Youcannotdothatifyouaretaintedovermuchwithapragmaticperiodinpower."[30][31]Yet,hesawthehardleftasnobetter,saying: Thereisanarroganceandself-righteousnessaboutmanyofthegroupsonthefarleftwhichisdeeplyunattractivetotheordinarywould-bemember ...There'stoomuchmixingonlywithpeople[with]whomtheyagree.[30][31] Withageneralelectiondue,Blairhadnotbeenselectedasacandidateanywhere.HewasinvitedtostandagaininBeaconsfield,andwasinitiallyinclinedtoagreebutwasadvisedbyhisheadofchambersDerryIrvinetofindsomewhereelsewhichmightbewinnable.[32]ThesituationwascomplicatedbythefactthatLabourwasfightingalegalactionagainstplannedboundarychanges,andhadselectedcandidatesonthebasisofpreviousboundaries.Whenthelegalchallengefailed,thepartyhadtorerunallselectionsonthenewboundaries;mostwerebasedonexistingseats,butunusuallyinCountyDurhamanewSedgefieldconstituencyhadbeencreatedoutofLabour-votingareaswhichhadnoobviouspredecessorseat.[33] TheselectionforSedgefielddidnotbeginuntilafterthe1983generalelectionwascalled.Blair'sinitialinquiriesdiscoveredthattheleftwastryingtoarrangetheselectionforLesHuckfield,sittingMPforNuneatonwhowastryingelsewhere;severalsittingMPsdisplacedbyboundarychangeswerealsointerestedinit.WhenhediscoveredtheTrimdonbranchhadnotyetmadeanomination,BlairvisitedthemandwonthesupportofthebranchsecretaryJohnBurton,andwithBurton'shelpwasnominatedbythebranch.Atthelastminute,hewasaddedtotheshortlistandwontheselectionoverHuckfield.ItwasthelastcandidateselectionmadebyLabourbeforetheelection,andwasmadeaftertheLabourPartyhadissuedbiographiesofallitscandidates("Labour'sElectionWho'sWho").[34] JohnBurtonbecameBlair'selectionagentandoneofhismosttrustedandlongest-standingallies.[35]Blair'selectionliteratureinthe1983generalelectionendorsedleft-wingpoliciesthatLabouradvocatedintheearly1980s.[citationneeded]HecalledforBritaintoleavetheEEC[36]asearlyasthe1970s,[37]thoughhehadtoldhisselectionconferencethathepersonallyfavouredcontinuingmembership[citationneeded]andvoted"Yes"inthe1975referendumonthesubject.HeopposedtheExchangeRateMechanism(ERM)in1986butsupportedtheERMby1989.[38]HewasamemberoftheCampaignforNuclearDisarmament,despiteneverstronglybeinginfavourofunilateralnucleardisarmament.[39]BlairwashelpedonthecampaigntrailbysoapoperaactressPatPhoenix,hisfather-in-law'sgirlfriend.Attheageofthirty,hewaselectedasMPforSedgefieldin1983;despitetheparty'slandslidedefeatatthegeneralelection.[citationneeded] InhismaidenspeechintheHouseofCommonson6July1983,Blairstated,"Iamasocialistnotthroughreadingatextbookthathascaughtmyintellectualfancy,northroughunthinkingtradition,butbecauseIbelievethat,atitsbest,socialismcorrespondsmostcloselytoanexistencethatisbothrationalandmoral.Itstandsforcooperation,notconfrontation;forfellowship,notfear.Itstandsforequality."[40] Onceelected,Blair'spoliticalascentwasrapid.Hereceivedhisfirstfront-benchappointmentin1984asassistantTreasuryspokesman.InMay1985,heappearedonBBC'sQuestionTime,arguingthattheConservativeGovernment'sPublicOrderWhitePaperwasathreattocivilliberties.[41] BlairdemandedaninquiryintotheBankofEngland'sdecisiontorescuethecollapsedJohnsonMattheybankinOctober1985.Bythistime,Blairwasalignedwiththereformingtendenciesintheparty(headedbyleaderNeilKinnock)andwaspromotedafterthe1987electiontotheShadowTradeandIndustryteamasspokesmanontheCityofLondon.[citationneeded] Leadershiproles In1987,hestoodforelectiontotheShadowCabinet,receiving71votes.[42]WhenKinnockresignedafterafourthconsecutiveConservativevictoryinthe1992generalelection,BlairbecameshadowhomesecretaryunderJohnSmith.TheoldguardarguedthattrendsshowedtheywereregainingstrengthunderSmith'sstrongleadership.Meanwhile,thebreakawaySDPfactionhadmergedwiththeLiberalParty;theresultingLiberalDemocratsseemedtoposeamajorthreattotheLabourbase.Blair,theleaderofthemodernisingfaction,hadanentirelydifferentvision,arguingthatthelong-termtrendshadtobereversed.TheLabourPartywastoolockedintoabasethatwasshrinking,sinceitwasbasedontheworking-class,ontradeunions,andonresidentsofsubsidisedcouncilhousing.Therapidlygrowingmiddle-classwaslargelyignored,especiallythemoreambitiousworking-classfamilies.Theyaspiredtomiddle-classstatusbutacceptedtheConservativeargumentthatLabourwasholdingambitiouspeoplebackwithitslevelling-downpolicies.TheyincreasinglysawLabourintermsdefinedbytheopposition,regardinghighertaxesandhigherinterestrates.ThestepstowardswhatwouldbecomeNewLabourwereproceduralbutessential.Callingontheslogan"Onemember,onevote",JohnSmith(withlimitedinputfromBlair)securedanendtothetradeunionblockvoteforWestminstercandidateselectionatthe1993conference.[43]ButBlairandthemoderniserswantedSmithtogofurtherstill,andcalledforradicaladjustmentofPartygoalsbyrepealing"ClauseIV,"thehistoriccommitmenttonationalisationofindustry.Thiswouldbeachievedin1995.[44] LeaderoftheOpposition Seealso:ShadowCabinetofTonyBlair JohnSmithdiedsuddenlyin1994ofaheartattack.BlairdefeatedJohnPrescottandMargaretBeckettinthesubsequentleadershipelectionandbecameLeaderoftheOpposition.[45]Asiscustomaryfortheholderofthatoffice,BlairwasappointedaPrivyCouncillor.[46] BlairmeetingwithSpanishprimeministerFelipeGonzálezatMoncloaPalacein1996 Blairannouncedattheendofhisspeechatthe1994LabourPartyconferencethatheintendedtoreplaceClauseIVoftheparty'sconstitutionwithanewstatementofaimsandvalues.[45]Thisinvolvedthedeletionoftheparty'sstatedcommitmentto"thecommonownershipofthemeansofproductionandexchange",whichwaswidelyinterpretedasreferringtowholesalenationalisation.[45][47]AtaspecialconferenceinApril1995,theclausewasreplacedbyastatementthatthepartyis"democraticsocialist",[47][48][49]andBlairalsoclaimedtobea"democraticsocialist"himselfinthesameyear.[50]However,themoveawayfromnationalisationintheoldClauseIVmademanyontheleft-wingoftheLabourPartyfeelthatLabourwasmovingawayfromtraditionalsocialistprinciplesofnationalisationsetoutin1918,andwasseenbythemaspartofashiftofthepartytowards"NewLabour".[51] HeinheritedtheLabourleadershipatatimewhenthepartywasascendantovertheConservativesintheopinionpolls,sincetheConservativegovernment'sreputationinmonetarypolicywasleftintattersbytheBlackWednesdayeconomicdisasterofSeptember1992.Blair'selectionasleadersawLaboursupportsurgehigherstill[52]inspiteofthecontinuingeconomicrecoveryandfallinunemploymentthattheConservativegovernment(ledbyJohnMajor)hadoverseensincetheendofthe1990–92recession.[52]Atthe1996LabourPartyconference,Blairstatedthathisthreetopprioritiesoncomingtoofficewere"education,education,andeducation".[53] AidedbytheunpopularityofJohnMajor'sConservativegovernment(itselfdeeplydividedovertheEuropeanUnion),[54]"NewLabour"wonalandslidevictoryatthe1997generalelection,endingeighteenyearsofConservativePartyrule,withtheheaviestConservativedefeatsince1906.[55] AccordingtodiariesreleasedbyPaddyAshdown,duringSmith'sleadershipoftheLabourParty,therewerediscussionswithAshdownaboutformingacoalitiongovernmentifthenextgeneralelectionresultedinahungparliament.AshdownalsoclaimedthatBlairwasasupporterofproportionalrepresentation(PR).[56]InadditiontoAshdown,LiberalDemocratMPsMenziesCampbellandAlanBeithwereearmarkedforplacesinthecabinetifaLabour-LibDemcoalitionwasformed.[57]BlairwasforcedtobackdownontheseproposalsbecauseJohnPrescottandGordonBrownopposedthePRsystem,andmanymembersoftheShadowCabinetwereworriedaboutconcessionsbeingmadetowardstheLibDems.[57]Intheevent,virtuallyeveryopinionpollsincelate-1992putLabouraheadwithenoughsupporttoformanoverallmajority.[58] Primeminister(1997–2007) Mainarticle:PremiershipofTonyBlair Furtherinformation:FirstBlairministry,SecondBlairministry,andThirdBlairministry BlairwithUSpresidentBillClintoninItaly,1999 BlairbecametheprimeministeroftheUnitedKingdomon2May1997.Aged43,BlairbecametheyoungestpersontobecomeprimeministersinceLordLiverpoolbecameprimeministeraged42in1812.[59]HewasalsothefirstprimeministerbornafterWorldWarIIandtheaccessionofElizabeth IItothethrone.Withvictoriesin1997,2001,and2005,BlairwastheLabourParty'slongest-servingprimeminister,[60]andthefirstandonlypersontodatetoleadthepartytothreeconsecutivegeneralelectionvictories.[61] NorthernIreland BlairaddressingacrowdinArmagh,1998 HiscontributiontowardsassistingtheNorthernIrelandpeaceprocessbyhelpingtonegotiatetheGoodFridayAgreement(after30yearsofconflict)waswidelyrecognised.[62][63]FollowingtheOmaghbombingon15August1998,bymembersoftheRealIRAopposedtothepeaceprocess,whichkilled29peopleandwoundedhundreds,BlairvisitedtheCountyTyronetownandmetwithvictimsatRoyalVictoriaHospital,Belfast.[64] MilitaryinterventionandtheWaronTerror Inhisfirstsixyearsinoffice,BlairorderedBritishtroopsintocombatfivetimes,morethananyotherprimeministerinBritishhistory.ThisincludedIraqinboth1998and2003,Kosovo(1999),SierraLeone(2000)andAfghanistan(2001).[65] TheKosovoWar,whichBlairhadadvocatedonmoralgrounds,wasinitiallyafailurewhenitreliedsolelyonairstrikes;thethreatofagroundoffensiveconvincedSerbia'sSlobodanMiloševićtowithdraw.Blairhadbeenamajoradvocateforagroundoffensive,whichBillClintonwasreluctanttodo,andorderedthat50,000soldiers–mostoftheavailableBritishArmy–shouldbemadereadyforaction.[66]Thefollowingyear,thelimitedOperationPalliserinSierraLeoneswiftlyswungthetideagainsttherebelforces;beforedeployment,theUnitedNationsMissioninSierraLeonehadbeenonthevergeofcollapse.[67]PalliserhadbeenintendedasanevacuationmissionbutBrigadierDavidRichardswasabletoconvinceBlairtoallowhimtoexpandtherole;atthetime,Richards'actionwasnotknownandBlairwasassumedtobebehindit.[68] BlairorderedOperationBarras,ahighlysuccessfulSAS/ParachuteRegimentstriketorescuehostagesfromaSierraLeonerebelgroup.[69]JournalistAndrewMarrhasarguedthatthesuccessofgroundattacks,realandthreatened,overairstrikesalonewasinfluentialonhowBlairplannedtheIraqWar,andthatthesuccessofthefirstthreewarsBlairfought"playedtohissenseofhimselfasamoralwarleader".[70]Whenaskedin2010ifthesuccessofPallisermayhave"embolden[ed]Britishpoliticians"tothinkofmilitaryactionasapolicyoption,GeneralSirDavidRichardsadmittedthere"mightbesomethinginthat".[68] BlairandUSpresidentGeorgeW.BushshakehandsaftertheirpressconferenceintheEastRoomoftheWhiteHouse,2004 FromthestartoftheWaronTerrorin2001,BlairstronglysupportedtheforeignpolicyofGeorgeW.Bush,participatinginthe2001invasionofAfghanistanand2003invasionofIraq.TheinvasionofIraqwasparticularlycontroversial,asitattractedwidespreadpublicoppositionand139ofBlair'sownMPsopposedit.[71] Asaresult,hefacedcriticismoverthepolicyitselfandthecircumstancesofthedecision.AlastairCampbelldescribedBlair'sstatementthattheintelligenceonWMDswas"beyonddoubt"ashis"assessmentoftheassessmentthatwasgiventohim."[72]In2009,BlairstatedthathewouldhavesupportedremovingSaddamHusseinfrompowereveninthefaceofproofthathehadnosuchweapons.[73]PlaywrightHaroldPinterandformerMalaysianPrimeMinisterMahathirMohamadaccusedBlairofwarcrimes.[74][75] TestifyingbeforetheIraqInquiryon29January2010,BlairsaidSaddamwasa"monsterandIbelievehethreatenednotjusttheregionbuttheworld."[76]BlairsaidthatBritishandAmericanattitudetowardsSaddamHusseinhad"changeddramatically"afterthe11Septemberattacks.BlairdeniedthathewouldhavesupportedtheinvasionofIraqevenifhehadthoughtSaddamhadnoweaponsofmassdestruction.Hesaidhebelievedtheworldwassaferasaresultoftheinvasion.[77]Hesaidtherewas"norealdifferencebetweenwantingregimechangeandwantingIraqtodisarm:regimechangewasUSpolicybecauseIraqwasinbreachofitsUNobligations."[78]InanOctober2015CNNinterviewwithFareedZakaria,Blairapologisedforhis"mistakes"overIraqWarandadmittedtherewere"elementsoftruth"totheviewthattheinvasionhelpedpromotetheriseofISIS.[79]TheChilcotInquiryreportof2016gaveadamningassessmentofBlair'sroleintheIraqWar,thoughtheformerprimeministeragainrefusedtoapologiseforhisdecisiontobacktheUS-ledinvasion.[80] RelationshipwithParliament OneofBlair'sfirstactsasprimeministerwastoreplacethethentwice-weekly15-minutesessionsofPrimeMinister'sQuestionsheldonTuesdaysandThursdayswithasingle30-minutesessiononWednesdays.InadditiontoPMQs,Blairheldmonthlypressconferencesatwhichhefieldedquestionsfromjournalists[81]and–from2002–brokeprecedentbyagreeingtogiveevidencetwiceyearlybeforethemostseniorCommonsselectcommittee,theLiaisonCommittee.[82]BlairwassometimesperceivedaspayinginsufficientattentionbothtotheviewsofhisownCabinetcolleaguesandtothoseoftheHouseofCommons.[83][84]Hisstylewassometimescriticisedasnotthatofaprimeministerandheadofgovernment,whichhewas,butofapresidentandheadofstate–whichhewasnot.[85]Blairwasaccusedofexcessiverelianceonspin.[86][87]HewasthefirstUKprimeministertohavebeenformallyquestionedbypolice,thoughnotundercaution,whilestillinoffice.[88] Eventsbeforeresignation Forachronologicalguidetothissubject,seeTimelineofthe2007LabourParty(UK)leadershipelection. BlairinPoland,2007 AsthecasualtiesoftheIraqWarmounted,BlairwasaccusedofmisleadingParliament,[89][90]andhispopularitydroppeddramatically.[91][92] Labour'soverallmajorityatthe2005generalelectionwasreducedfrom167to66seats.AsacombinedresultoftheBlair–Brownpact,Iraqwarandlowapprovalratings,pressurebuiltupwithintheLabourPartyforBlairtoresign.[93][94]Overthesummerof2006manyMPs,includingusuallysupportiveMPs,criticisedBlairfornotcallingforaceasefireinthe2006Israel–Lebanonconflict.[95]On7September2006,BlairpubliclystatedhewouldstepdownaspartyleaderbythetimeoftheTradesUnionCongress(TUC)conferenceheld10–13September2007,[96]havingpromisedtoserveafulltermduringthepreviousgeneralelectioncampaign.On10May2007,duringaspeechattheTrimdonLabourClub,BlairannouncedhisintentiontoresignasbothLabourPartyleaderandprimeminister.[97]Thistriggeredthe2007LabourPartyleadershipelection,inwhichBrownwastheonlycandidateforleader.[98] AtaspecialpartyconferenceinManchesteron24June2007,BlairformallyhandedovertheleadershipoftheLabourPartytoGordonBrown,whohadbeenChancelloroftheExchequerinBlair'sthreeministries.[99]Blairtenderedhisresignationon27June2007andBrownassumedofficeduringthesameafternoon.BlairresignedfromhisSedgefieldseatintheHouseofCommonsinthetraditionalformofacceptingtheStewardshipoftheChilternHundreds,towhichhewasappointedbyGordonBrowninoneofthelatter'slastactsasChancelloroftheExchequer.[100]TheresultingSedgefieldby-electionwaswonbyLabour'scandidate,PhilWilson.BlairdecidednottoissuealistofResignationHonours,makinghimthefirstprimeministerofthemoderneranottodoso.[101] Policies Furtherinformation:Blairism Socialreforms In2001,Blairsaid,"Wearealeftofcentreparty,pursuingeconomicprosperityandsocialjusticeaspartnersandnotasopposites".[102]Blairrarelyappliessuchlabelstohimself,buthepromisedbeforethe1997electionthatNewLabourwouldgovern"fromtheradicalcentre",andaccordingtoonelifelongLabourPartymember,hasalwaysdescribedhimselfasasocialdemocrat.[103]However,ina2007opinionpieceintheGuardian,left-wingcommentatorNeilLawsondescribedBlairastotherightofcentre.[104]AYouGovopinionpollin2005foundthatasmallmajorityofBritishvoters,includingmanyNewLaboursupporters,placedBlairontherightofthepoliticalspectrum.[105]TheFinancialTimesontheotherhandhasarguedthatBlairisnotconservative,butinsteadapopulist.[106] CriticsandadmirerstendtoagreethatBlair'selectoralsuccesswasbasedonhisabilitytooccupythecentregroundandappealtovotersacrossthepoliticalspectrum,totheextentthathehasbeenfundamentallyatoddswithtraditionalLabourPartyvalues.Someleft-wingcritics,suchasMikeMarquseein2001,arguedthatBlairoversawthefinalstageofalongtermshiftoftheLabourPartytotheright.[107] ThereissomeevidencethatBlair'slongtermdominanceofthecentreforcedhisConservativeopponentstoshiftalongdistancetothelefttochallengehishegemonythere.[108]LeadingConservativesofthepost-NewLaboureraholdBlairinhighregard:GeorgeOsbornedescribeshimas"themaster",MichaelGovethoughthehadan"entitlementtoconservativerespect"inFebruary2003,whileDavidCameronreportedlymaintainedBlairasaninformaladviser.[109][110][111] Blairincreasedpolicepowersbyaddingtothenumberofarrestableoffences,compulsoryDNArecordingandtheuseofdispersalorders.[112]UnderBlair'sgovernmenttheamountofnewlegislationincreased[113]whichattractedcriticism.[114]Healsointroducedtoughanti-terrorismandidentitycardlegislation. Economicpolicies BlairattheWorldEconomicForuminDavos,2005 Duringhistimeasprimeminister,Blairraisedtaxes;introducedaNationalMinimumWageandsomenewemploymentrights(whilekeepingMargaretThatcher'stradeunionreforms);[115]introducedsignificantconstitutionalreforms;promotednewrightsforgaypeopleintheCivilPartnershipAct2004;andsignedtreatiesintegratingBritainmorecloselywiththeEU.Heintroducedsubstantialmarket-basedreformsintheeducationandhealthsectors;introducedstudenttuitionfeesandsoughttoreducecertaincategoriesofwelfarepayments.HedidnotreversetheprivatisationoftherailwaysenactedbyhispredecessorJohnMajorandinsteadstrengthenedregulation(bycreatingtheOfficeofRailRegulation)andlimitedfarerisestoinflation+1%.[116][117][118] NHSspending1948/49to2014/15[119] BlairandBrownraisedspendingontheNHSandotherpublicservices,increasingspendingfrom39.9%ofGDPto48.1%in2010–11.[120][121]Theypledgedin2001tobringNHSspendingtothelevelsofotherEuropeancountries,anddoubledspendinginrealtermstoover£100billioninEnglandalone.[122] Immigration Non-Europeanimmigrationrosesignificantlyduringtheperiodfrom1997,notleastbecauseofthegovernment'sabolitionoftheprimarypurposeruleinJune1997.[123]ThischangemadeiteasierforUKresidentstobringforeignspousesintothecountry. TheformergovernmentadvisorAndrewNeatherintheEveningStandardstatedthatthedeliberatepolicyofministersfromlate2000untilearly2008wastoopenuptheUKtomassmigration.[124][125]Neatherlaterstatedthathiswordshadbeentwisted,saying:"Themaingoalwastoallowinmoremigrantworkersatapointwhen–hardasitistoimaginenow–theboomingeconomywasrunningupagainstskillsshortages....SomehowthishasbecomedistortedbyexcitableRight-wingnewspapercolumnistsintobeinga"plot"tomakeBritainmulticultural.Therewasnoplot."[126] Environmentalrecord Blaircriticisedothergovernmentsfornotdoingenoughtosolveglobalclimatechange.Ina1997visittotheUnitedStates,hemadeacommenton"greatindustrialisednations"thatfailtoreducegreenhousegasemissions.Againin2003,BlairwentbeforetheUnitedStatesCongressandsaidthatclimatechange"cannotbeignored",insisting"weneedtogobeyondevenKyoto."[127]Blairandhispartypromiseda20%reductionincarbondioxide.[128]TheLabourPartyalsoclaimedthatby201010%oftheenergywouldcomefromrenewableresources;however,itonlyreached7%bythatpoint.[129] In2000,Blair"flaggedup"100 millioneurosforgreenpoliciesandurgedenvironmentalistsandbusinessestoworktogether.[130] Foreignpolicy JacquesChirac,GeorgeW.Bush,BlairandSilvioBerlusconiduringtheG8SummitinÉvian,2003 Blairbuilthisforeignpolicyonbasicprinciples(closetieswithU.S.andE.U.)andaddedanewactivistphilosophyof"interventionism".In2001BritainjoinedtheU.S.intheglobalwaronterror.[131] BlairforgedfriendshipswithseveralEuropeanleaders,includingSilvioBerlusconiofItaly,[132]AngelaMerkelofGermany[133]andlaterNicolasSarkozyofFrance.[134] BlairmeetswithUSsecretaryofstateCondoleezzaRicein2005 AlongwithenjoyingacloserelationshipwithBillClinton,BlairformedastrongpoliticalalliancewithGeorgeW.Bush,particularlyintheareaofforeignpolicy.Forhispart,BushlaudedBlairandtheUK.Inhispost-9/11speech,forexample,hestatedthat"AmericahasnotruerfriendthanGreatBritain".[135] ThealliancebetweenBushandBlairseriouslydamagedBlair'sstandingintheeyesofBritonsangryatAmericaninfluence.[136]BlairargueditwasinBritain'sinterestto"protectandstrengthenthebond"withtheUnitedStatesregardlessofwhoisintheWhiteHouse.[137] However,aperceptionofone-sidedcompromisingpersonalandpoliticalclosenessledtodiscussionoftheterm"Poodle-ism"intheUKmedia,todescribethe"SpecialRelationship"oftheUKgovernmentandprimeministerwiththeUSWhiteHouseandPresident.[138]ArevealingconversationbetweenBushandBlair,withtheformeraddressingthelatteras"Yo[orYeah],Blair"wasrecordedwhentheydidnotknowamicrophonewasliveattheG8summitinSaintPetersburgin2006.[139] MiddleEastpolicy On30January2003,BlairsignedTheletteroftheeightsupportingU.S.policyonIraq.[140] BlairshowedadeepfeelingforIsrael,borninpartfromhisfaith.[141]Blairhasbeenalongtimememberofthepro-IsraellobbygroupLabourFriendsofIsrael.[142] In1994,BlairforgedclosetieswithMichaelLevy,aleaderoftheJewishLeadershipCouncil.[143]LevyrantheLabourLeader'sOfficeFundtofinanceBlair'scampaignbeforethe1997electionandraised£12 milliontowardsLabour'slandslidevictory,Levywasrewardedwithapeerage,andin2002,BlairappointedLordLevyashispersonalenvoytotheMiddleEast.LevypraisedBlairforhis"solidandcommittedsupportoftheStateofIsrael".[144]TamDalyell,whileFatheroftheHouseofCommons,suggestedin2003thatBlair'sforeignpolicydecisionswereundulyinfluencedbya"cabal"ofJewishadvisers,includingLevy,PeterMandelsonandJackStraw(thelasttwoarenotJewishbuthavesomeJewishancestry).[145] Blair,oncomingtooffice,hadbeen"cooltowardstheright-wingNetanyahugovernment".[146]DuringhisfirstvisittoIsrael,BlairthoughttheIsraelisbuggedhiminhiscar.[147]Aftertheelectionin1999ofEhudBarak,withwhomBlairforgedacloserelationship,hebecamemuchmoresympathetictoIsrael.[146]From2001,Blairbuiltuparelationship[clarificationneeded]withBarak'ssuccessor,ArielSharon,andrespondedpositivelytoArafat,whomhehadmetthirteentimessincebecomingprimeministerandregardedasessentialtofuturenegotiations.[146]In2004,50formerdiplomats,includingambassadorstoBaghdadandTelAviv,statedtheyhad"watchedwithdeepeningconcern"atBritainfollowingtheUSintowarinIraqin2003.TheycriticisedBlair'ssupportfortheroadmapforpeacewhichincludedtheretainingofIsraelisettlementsontheWestBank.[148] In2006Blairwascriticisedforhisfailuretoimmediatelycallforaceasefireinthe2006LebanonWar.TheObservernewspaperclaimedthatatacabinetmeetingbeforeBlairleftforasummitwithBushon28July2006,asignificantnumberofministerspressuredBlairtopubliclycriticiseIsraeloverthescaleofdeathsanddestructioninLebanon.[149]BlairwascriticisedforhissolidstancealongsideUSPresidentGeorgeW.BushonMiddleEastpolicy.[150] SyriaandLibya AFreedomofInformationrequestbyTheSundayTimesin2012revealedthatBlair'sgovernmentconsideredknightingSyria'sPresidentBasharal-Assad.ThedocumentsshowedBlairwaswillingtoappearalongsideAssadatajointpressconferenceeventhoughtheSyrianswouldprobablyhavesettledforafarewellhandshakeforthecameras;BritishofficialssoughttomanipulatethemediatoportrayAssadinafavourablelight;andBlair'saidestriedtohelpAssad's"photogenic"wifeAsmaal-Assadboostherprofile.Thenewspapernoted: TheArableaderwasgrantedaudienceswiththeQueenandthePrinceofWales,lunchwithBlairatDowningStreet,aplatforminparliamentandmanyotherprivileges ...TheredcarpettreatmentheandhisentouragereceivedisembarrassinggiventhebloodbaththathassincetakenplaceunderhisruleinSyria ...ThecourtshiphasparallelswithBlair'sfriendlyrelationswithMuammarGaddafi.[151] BlairhadbeenonfriendlytermswithColonelGaddafi,theleaderofLibya,whensanctionsimposedonthecountrywereliftedbytheUSandtheUK.[152][153] EvenaftertheLibyanCivilWarin2011,hesaidhehadnoregretsabouthiscloserelationshipwiththelateLibyanleader.[154]DuringBlair'spremiership,MI6renderedAbdelhakimBelhadjtotheGaddafiregimein2004,thoughBlairlaterclaimedhehad"norecollection"oftheincident.[155] Zimbabwe BlairhadanantagonisticrelationshipwithZimbabweanPresidentRobertMugabeandallegedlyplannedregimechangeagainstMugabeintheearly2000s.[156]Zimbabwehadembarkedonaprogramofuncompensatedlandredistributionfromthecountry'swhitecommercialfarmerstotheblackpopulation,apolicythatdisruptedagriculturalproductionandthrewZimbabwe'seconomyintochaos.GeneralCharlesGuthrie,theChiefoftheDefenceStaff,revealedin2007thatheandBlairhaddiscussedtheinvasionofZimbabwe.[157]Guthrieadvisedagainstmilitaryaction:"Holdhard,you'llmakeitworse."[157]In2013,SouthAfricanPresidentThaboMbekisaidthatBlairhadpressuredSouthAfricatojoinina"regimechangescheme,eventothepointofusingmilitaryforce"inZimbabwe.[156]Mbekirefusedbecausehefeltthat"Mugabeispartofthesolutiontothisproblem."[156]However,aspokesmanforBlairsaidthat"heneveraskedanyonetoplanortakepartinanysuchmilitaryintervention."[156] Russia BlairmeetingRussianpresidentVladimirPutinin2003 BlairwentonatriptoMoscowtowatchaperformanceoftheWarandPeaceoperawithVladimirPutin,whilehewastheactingpresidentofRussia.ThismeetingwascriticisedbygroupssuchasHumanRightsWatchandAmnestyInternational.[158]In2018,SirRichardDearlove,formerheadofMI6,saidtherewas"significantregret"overthistrip,whichhelpedPutinrisetopower.Dearlovealsoallegedthatin2000,aKGBofficerapproachedhim,seekingBritain'shelpinboostingPutin'spoliticalprofile,andthiswaswhyBlairmetPutininRussia.[159][160] BlairalsohostedPutininLondoninApril2000,despitehesitationtowardsPutinfromotherworldleaders,andoppositionfromhumanrightsgroupsoveratrocitiescommittedinChechnya.BlairtoldJimHoaglandofTheWashingtonPostthat"[Putin's]visionofthefutureisonethatwewouldfeelcomfortablewith.PutinhasaveryclearagendaofmodernizingRussia.WhenhetalksofastrongRussia,hemeansstrengthnotinathreateningwaybutinawaythatmeansthecountryeconomicallyandpoliticallyiscapableofstandingupforitself,whichisaperfectlygoodaimtohave".[161][162]Duringthemeeting,Blairacknowledgedanddiscussed"concernsaboutChechnya",[163][164]butdescribedPutinasapoliticalreformer"whoisreadytoembraceanewrelationshipwiththeEuropeanUnionandtheUnitedStates,whowantsastrongandmodernRussiaandastrongrelationshipwiththeWest".[165][166] Relationshipwithmedia RupertMurdoch BlairwasreportedbyTheGuardianin2006tohavebeensupportedpoliticallybyRupertMurdoch,thefounderoftheNewsCorporationorganisation.[167]In2011,BlairbecameGodfathertooneofRupertMurdoch'schildrenwithWendiDeng,[168]butheandMurdochlaterendedtheirfriendship,in2014,afterMurdochsuspectedhimofhavinganaffairwithDengwhiletheywerestillmarried,accordingtoTheEconomistmagazine.[169][170][171][better source needed] ContactswithUKmediaproprietors ACabinetOfficefreedomofinformationresponse,releasedthedayafterBlairhandedoverpowertoGordonBrown,documentsBlairhavingvariousofficialphonecallsandmeetingswithRupertMurdochofNewsCorporationandRichardDesmondofNorthernandShellMedia.[172] Theresponseincludescontacts"clearlyofanofficialnature"inthespecifiedperiod,butexcludescontacts"notclearlyofanofficialnature."[173]Nodetailsweregivenofthesubjectsdiscussed.IntheperiodbetweenSeptember2002andApril2005,BlairandMurdocharedocumentedspeaking6times;threetimesinthe9daysbeforetheIraqWar,includingtheeveof20MarchUSandUKinvasion,andon29January25Apriland3October2004.BetweenJanuary2003andFebruary2004,BlairhadthreemeetingswithRichardDesmond;on29Januaryand3September2003and23February2004.[174] Theinformationwasdisclosedaftera3+1⁄2-yearbattlebytheLiberalDemocrats'LordAvebury.[172]LordAvebury'sinitialOctober2003informationrequestwasdismissedbythenleaderoftheLords,BaronessAmos.[172]Afollowingcomplaintwasrejected,withDowningStreetclaimingtheinformationcompromisedfreeandfrankdiscussions,whileCabinetOfficeclaimedreleasingthetimingofthePM'scontactswithindividualsisundesirable,asitmightleadtothecontentofthediscussionsbeingdisclosed.[172]WhileawaitingafollowingappealfromLordAvebury,thecabinetofficeannouncedthatitwouldreleasetheinformation.LordAveburysaid:"Thepubliccannowscrutinisethetimingofhis(Murdoch's)contactswiththeformerprimeminister,toseewhethertheycanbelinkedtoeventsintheoutsideworld."[172] BlairappearedbeforetheLevesonInquiryonMonday28May2012.[175]Duringhisappearance,aprotester,laternamedasDavidLawley-Wakelin,gotintothecourt-roomandclaimedhewasguiltyofwarcrimesbeforebeingdraggedout.[176] Mediaportrayal Blairhasbeennotedasacharismatic,articulatespeakerwithaninformalstyle.[45]FilmandtheatredirectorRichardEyreopinedthat"Blairhadaveryconsiderableskillasaperformer".[177]AfewmonthsafterbecomingprimeministerBlairgaveatributetoDiana,PrincessofWales,onthemorningofherdeathinAugust1997,inwhichhefamouslydescribedheras"thePeople'sPrincess".[178][179] Aftertakingofficein1997,Blairgaveparticularprominencetohispresssecretary,whobecameknownastheprimeminister'sofficialspokesman(thetworoleshavesincebeenseparated).Blair'sfirstPMOSwasAlastairCampbell,whoservedinthatrolefromMay1997to8June2001,afterwhichheservedastheprimeminister'sdirectorofcommunicationsandstrategyuntilhisresignationon29August2003intheaftermathoftheHuttonInquiry.[180] BlairhadcloserelationshipswiththeClintonfamily.ThestrongpartnershipwithBillClintonwasmadeintothefilmTheSpecialRelationshipin2010.[181] RelationshipwithLabourParty Blair'sapparentrefusaltosetadateforhisdeparturewascriticisedbytheBritishpressandMembersofParliament.IthasbeenreportedthatanumberofcabinetministersbelievedthatBlair'stimelydeparturefromofficewouldberequiredtobeabletowinafourthelection.[182]SomeministersviewedBlair'sannouncementofpolicyinitiativesinSeptember2006asanattempttodrawattentionawayfromtheseissues.[182] GordonBrown Seealso:Blair–Browndeal GordonBrown(picturedin2004)wasChancelloroftheExchequerunderBlair.Together,theymadeapactthatBrownwouldsucceedBlairasprimeminister. AfterthedeathofJohnSmithin1994,BlairandhisclosecolleagueGordonBrown(theysharedanofficeattheHouseofCommons[45])werebothseenaspossiblecandidatesforthepartyleadership.Theyagreednottostandagainsteachother,itissaid,aspartofasupposedBlair–Brownpact.Brown,whoconsideredhimselftheseniorofthetwo,understoodthatBlairwouldgivewaytohim:opinionpollssoonindicated,however,thatBlairappearedtoenjoygreatersupportamongvoters.[183]Theirrelationshipinpowerbecamesoturbulentthat(itwasreported)thedeputyprimeminister,JohnPrescott,oftenhadtoactas"marriageguidancecounsellor".[184] Duringthe2010electioncampaignBlairpubliclyendorsedGordonBrown'sleadership,praisingthewayhehadhandledthefinancialcrisis.[185] Post-premiership(since2007) Diplomacy On27June2007,Blairofficiallyresignedasprimeministeraftertenyearsinoffice,andhewasofficiallyconfirmedasMiddleEastenvoyfortheUnitedNations,EuropeanUnion,UnitedStates,andRussia.[186]Blairoriginallyindicatedthathewouldretainhisparliamentaryseatafterhisresignationasprimeministercameintoeffect;however,onbeingconfirmedfortheMiddleEastroleheresignedfromtheCommonsbytakingupanofficeofprofit.[100]PresidentGeorgeW.BushhadpreliminarytalkswithBlairtoaskhimtotakeuptheenvoyrole.WhiteHousesourcesstatedthat"bothIsraelandthePalestinianshadsigneduptotheproposal".[187][188]InMay2008BlairannouncedanewplanforpeaceandforPalestinianrights,basedheavilyontheideasofthePeaceValleyplan.[189]BlairresignedasenvoyinMay2015.[190] Privatesector InJanuary2008,itwasconfirmedthatBlairwouldbejoininginvestmentbankJPMorganChaseina"senioradvisorycapacity"[191]andthathewouldadviseZurichFinancialServicesonclimatechange.Hissalaryforthisworkisunknown,althoughithasbeenclaimeditmaybeinexcessof£500,000peryear.[191]Blairalsogiveslectures,earninguptoUS$250,000fora90-minutespeech,andin2008hewassaidtobethehighestpaidspeakerintheworld.[192] BlairtaughtacourseonissuesoffaithandglobalisationattheYaleUniversitySchoolsofManagementandDivinityasaHowlanddistinguishedfellowduringthe2008–09academicyear.InJuly2009,thisaccomplishmentwasfollowedbythelaunchingoftheFaithandGlobalisationInitiativewithYaleUniversityintheUS,DurhamUniversityintheUK,andtheNationalUniversityofSingaporeinAsia,todeliverapostgraduateprogrammeinpartnershipwiththeFoundation.[193] Blair'slinkswith,andreceiptofanundisclosedsumfrom,UIEnergyCorporation,havealsobeensubjecttomediacommentintheUK.[194] InJuly2010itwasreportedthathispersonalsecurityguardsclaimed£250,000ayearinexpensesfromthetaxpayer,ForeignSecretaryWilliamHaguesaid;"wehavetomakesurethat[Blair'ssecurity]isascost-effectiveaspossible,thatitdoesn'tcostanymoretothetaxpayerthanisabsolutelynecessary".[195] TonyBlairAssociates FormerrebelleaderHashimThaçiandBlairwiththeDeclarationofIndependenceofKosovoin2010 BlairestablishedTonyBlairAssociatesto"allowhimtoprovide,inpartnershipwithothers,strategicadviceonacommercialandprobonobasis,onpoliticalandeconomictrendsandgovernmentalreform".[196]TheprofitsfromthefirmgotowardssupportingBlair's"workonfaith,Africaandclimatechange".[197] BlairhasbeensubjecttocriticismforpotentialconflictsofinterestbetweenhisdiplomaticroleasaMiddleEastenvoy,andhisworkwithTonyBlairAssociates,[198][199][200]andanumberofprominentcriticshaveevencalledforhimtobesacked.[201]BlairhasusedhisQuartetTonyBlairAssociatesworkswiththeKazakhstangovernment,advisingtheregimeonjudicial,economicandpoliticalreforms,buthasbeensubjecttocriticismafteraccusationsof"whitewashing"theimageandhumanrightsrecordoftheregime.[202] Blairrespondedtosuchcriticismbysayinghischoicetoadvisethecountryisanexampleofhowhecan"nudgecontroversialfiguresonaprogressivepathofreform",andhasstatedthathereceivesnopersonalprofitfromthisadvisoryrole.[203]TheKazakhstanforeignministersaidthatthecountrywas"honouredandprivileged"tobereceivingadvicefromBlair.[204][205]AletterobtainedbyTheDailyTelegraphinAugust2014revealedBlairhadgivendamage-limitationadvicetoNursultanNazarbayevaftertheDecember2011Zhanaozenmassacre.[206]BlairwasreportedtohaveacceptedabusinessadvisoryrolewithPresidentAbdelFattahel-SisiofEgypt,asituationdeemedincompatiblewithhisroleasMiddleEastenvoy.Blairdescribedthereportas"nonsense".[207][208] Charityandnon-profits InNovember2007BlairlaunchedtheTonyBlairSportsFoundation,whichaimsto"increasechildhoodparticipationinsportsactivities,especiallyintheNorthEastofEngland,wherealargerproportionofchildrenaresociallyexcluded,andtopromoteoverallhealthandpreventchildhoodobesity."[209]On30May2008,BlairlaunchedtheTonyBlairFaithFoundationasavehicleforencouragingdifferentfaithstojoininpromotingrespectandunderstanding,aswellasworkingtotacklepoverty.ReflectingBlair'sownfaithbutnotdedicatedtoanyparticularreligion,theFoundationaimsto"showhowfaithisapowerfulforceforgoodinthemodernworld"."TheFoundationwilluseitsprofileandresourcestoencouragepeopleoffaithtoworktogethermorecloselytotackleglobalpovertyandconflict,"saysitsmissionstatement.[210] InFebruary2009heappliedtosetupacharitycalledtheTonyBlairAfricaGovernanceInitiative:theapplicationwasapprovedinNovember2009.[211]InOctober2012Blair'sfoundationhitcontroversywhenitemergedtheyweretakingonunpaidinterns.[212]BlairwithUkrainianprimeministerVolodymyrGroysmaninUkraine,2018 InDecember2016,BlaircreatedtheTonyBlairInstitutetopromoteglobaloutlooksbygovernmentsandorganisations.[213][214] Memoirs Mainarticle:AJourney InMarch2010,itwasreportedthatBlair'smemoirs,titledTheJourney,wouldbepublishedinSeptember2010.[215]InJuly2010itwasannouncedthememoirswouldberetitledAJourney.[216]Thememoirswereseenbymanyascontroversialandafurtherattempttoprofitfromhisofficeandfromactsrelatedtooverseaswarsthatwerewidelyseenaswrong,[217][218][219]leadingtoangerandsuspicionpriortolaunch.[218] On16August2010itwasannouncedthatBlairwouldgivethe£4.6 millionadvanceandallroyaltiesfromhismemoirstotheRoyalBritishLegion–thecharity'slargesteversingledonation.[217][220] Mediaanalysisofthesuddenannouncementwaswide-ranging,describingitasanactof"desperation"toobtainabetterlaunchreceptionofahumiliating"publishingflop"[221]thathadlanguishedintheratings,[217][221]"bloodmoney"fortheliveslostintheIraqandAfghanistanwars,[217][219]anactwitha"hiddenmotive"oranexpressionof"guilt",[217][218]a"geniusmove"toaddresstheproblemthat"TonyBlairha[d]oneofthemosttoxicbrandsaround"fromaPRperspective,anda"cynicalstunttowipetheslate",butalsoasanattempttomakeamends.[221]Friendshadsaidthattheactwaspartlymotivatedbythewishto"repairhisreputation".[217] Thebookwaspublishedon1Septemberandwithinhoursofitslaunchhadbecomethefastest-sellingautobiographyofalltime.[222]On3SeptemberBlairgavehisfirstliveinterviewsincepublicationonTheLateLateShowinIreland,withprotesterslyinginwaitthereforhim.[223]On4SeptemberBlairwasconfrontedby200anti-warandhardlineIrishnationalistdemonstratorsbeforethefirstbooksigningofhismemoirsatEason'sbookstoreonO'ConnellStreetinDublin,withangryactivistschanting"warcriminal"andthathehad"bloodonhishands",andclashingwithIrishPolice(GardaSíochána)astheytriedtobreakthroughasecuritycordonoutsidetheEason'sstore.Blairwaspeltedwitheggsandshoes,andencounteredanattemptedcitizen'sarrestforwarcrimes.[224] Accusationsofwarcrimes SincetheIraqWar,Blairhasbeenthesubjectofwarcrimesaccusations.Criticsofhisactions,includingBishopDesmondTutu,[225]HaroldPinter[226]andArundhatiRoy[227]havecalledforhistrialattheInternationalCriminalCourt. InNovember2011,awarcrimestribunaloftheKualaLumpurWarCrimesCommission,establishedbyMalaysia'sformerPrimeMinisterMahathirMohamad,reachedaunanimousconclusionthatBlairandGeorgeW.Bushareguiltyofcrimesagainstpeace,crimesagainsthumanity,andgenocideasaresultoftheirrolesinthe2003–2011IraqWar.Theproceedingslastedforfourdays,andconsistedoffivejudgesofjudicialandacademicbackgrounds,atribunal-appointeddefenceteaminlieuofthedefendantsorrepresentatives,andaprosecutionteamincludinginternationallawprofessorFrancisBoyle.[228] InSeptember2012,DesmondTutusuggestedthatBlairshouldfollowthepathofformerAfricanleaderswhohadbeenbroughtbeforetheInternationalCriminalCourtinTheHague.[225]ThehumanrightslawyerGeoffreyBindman,interviewedonBBCradio,concurredwithTutu'ssuggestionthatthereshouldbeawarcrimestrial.[229]InastatementmadeinresponsetoTutu'scomments,Blairdefendedhisactions.[225]HewassupportedbyLordFalconer,whostatedthatthewarhadbeenauthorisedbyUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilResolution1441.[229] BlairandHenryKissingerattheMunichSecurityConferencein2014 InJuly2017,formerIraqigeneralAbdulwaheedal-Rabbatlaunchedaprivatewarcrimesprosecution,intheHighCourtinLondon,askingforTonyBlair,formerforeignsecretaryJackStrawandformerattorneygeneralLordGoldsmithtobeprosecutedfor"thecrimeofaggression"fortheirroleinthe2003invasionofIraq.TheHighCourtruledthat,althoughthecrimeofaggressionwasrecognisedininternationallaw,itwasnotanoffenceunderUKlaw,and,therefore,theprosecutioncouldnotproceed.[230][231][232][233] Politicalinterventionsandviews ResponsetotheIraqInquiry Furtherinformation:FindingsoftheIraqInquiry TheChilcotreportaftertheconclusionoftheIraqInquirywasissuedon6July2016anditcriticisedBlairforjoiningtheUSinthewarinIraqin2003.Afterwards,Blairissuedastatementandheldatwo-hourpressconferencetoapologiseandtojustifythedecisionshehadmadein2003"ingoodfaith"anddenyingallegationsthatthewarhadledtoasignificantincreaseinterrorism.[234]Heacknowledgedthatthereportmade"realandmaterialcriticismsofpreparation,planning,processandoftherelationshipwiththeUnitedStates"butcitedsectionsofthereportthathesaid"shouldlaytorestallegationsofbadfaith,liesordeceit".Hestated:"whetherpeopleagreeordisagreewithmydecisiontotakemilitaryactionagainstSaddamHussein;ItookitingoodfaithandinwhatIbelievedtobethebestinterestsofthecountry. ...Iwilltakefullresponsibilityforanymistakeswithoutexceptionorexcuse.Iwillatthesametimesaywhy,nonetheless,IbelievethatitwasbettertoremoveSaddamHusseinandwhyIdonotbelievethisisthecauseoftheterrorismweseetodaywhetherintheMiddleEastorelsewhereintheworld".[235][236] BlairwithUSsecretaryofstateMikePompeoattheUSDepartmentofStateinWashington,D.C.,2019 Iran–Westtensions Seealso:Iran–UnitedStatesrelationsandIran–SaudiArabiaproxyconflict Blairwroteinanop-edpublishedbyTheWashingtonPoston8February2019:"WhereIranisexercisingmilitaryinterference,itshouldbestronglypushedback.Whereitisseekinginfluence,itshouldbecountered.Whereitsproxiesoperate,itshouldbeheldresponsible.Whereitsnetworksexist,theyshouldbedisrupted.Whereitsleadersaresayingwhatisunacceptable,theyshouldbeexposed.WheretheIranianpeople—highlyeducatedandconnected,despitetheirgovernment—areprotestingforfreedom,theyshouldbesupported."[237]TheTonyBlairInstituteforGlobalChangewarnedofgrowingIranianthreat.[238]TheTonyBlairInstituteconfirmedthatithasreceiveddonationsfromtheU.S.StateDepartmentandSaudiArabia.[239][240] EuropeanUnion BlairdidnotwanttheUKtoleavetheEU.BlairhadcalledforareferendumontheBrexitwithdrawalagreement.Blairalsomaintained,thatoncethetermsdecidinghowtheUKleavestheEUwereknownthepeopleshouldvoteagainonthoseterms.Blairstated,"WeknowtheoptionsforBrexit.Parliamentwillhavetodecideononeofthem.IfParliamentcan'tthenitshoulddecidetogobacktothepeople."[241] However,afterthe2019generalelectionwhenthepro-withdrawalConservativepartywonasizeablemajorityofseats,Blairarguedthatremainsupportersshould"faceuptoonesimplepoint:welost"and"pivottoacompletelynewposition...We'regoingtohavetobeconstructiveaboutitandseehowBritaindevelopsaconstructiverelationshipwithEuropeandfindsitsnewnicheintheworld."[242] Americanpower BlairwasinterviewedinJune2020foranarticleintheAmericanmagazineTheAtlanticonEuropeanviewsofU.S.foreignpolicyfollowingtheCOVID-19pandemicandresultingrecession,increasedtensionsinSino-Americanrelations,andtheGeorgeFloydprotests.HeaffirmedhisbeliefinthecontinuedstrengthofAmericansoftpowerandtheneedtoaddressIranianmilitaryaggression,Europeandefencebudgets,andChinesetrade.Hesaid,however,"Ithinkit'sfairtosayalotofpoliticalleadersinEuropearedismayedbywhattheyseeastheisolationismgrowinginAmericaandtheseemingindifferencetoalliances.ButIthinktherewillcomeatimewhenAmericadecidesinitsowninteresttoreengage,soI'moptimisticthatAmericawillintheendunderstandthatthisisnotaboutrelegatingyourself-interestbehindthecommoninterest;it'sanunderstandingthatbyactingcollectivelyinalliancewithothersyoupromoteyourowninterests."BlairwarnedthatstructuralissuesplaguingAmericandomesticpolicyneededtobeaddressedimminently.[243] InAugust2021,BlaircriticisedthewithdrawalofU.S.troopsfromAfghanistanandofNATOtroopssayingthatitwas"inobediencetoanimbecilicsloganaboutending'theforeverwars'".Blairadmittedmistakesinthemanagementofthewarbutwarnedthat"thereactiontoourmistakeshasbeen,unfortunately,furthermistakes".[244] Labour BlairhadbeenacriticofJeremyCorbyn'sleadershipoftheLabourParty,seeingitastooleft-wing.HewroteinanopinionpieceforTheGuardianduringtheparty's2015leadershipelectionthatifitelectedCorbynitwouldfacea'rout,possiblyannihilation'atthenextelection.[245]Attheendoftheperiod,heaccusedCorbynofturningthepartyintoa"glorifiedprotestmovement".[246]InaMay2021NewStatesmanarticle,Blairsuggestedthatthepartyhada"totaldeconstructionandreconstruction",sayingthatLabourleaderKeirStarmerwasbeingbackedinto"electorallyoff-puttingpositions"andlackedacompellingeconomicmessage.Healsosaidthepartyneededtoshifttothecentreonsocialissuesinordertosurvive.Blairtouchedoncontroversialtopicssuchastransgenderrights,theBlackLivesMattermovement,climatechangeandCorbyn'sleadershipoftheparty.[247][248][249] Personallife Family Blairwithhiswife,CherieBooth,touringtherecreatedAmberRoomduringavisittotheCatherinePalaceinRussia,2003 BlairmarriedCherieBooth,aRomanCatholic,whowouldlaterbecomeaQueen'sCounsel,on29March1980.[250]Theyhavefourchildren:Euan,Nicholas,Kathryn,andLeo.[251]Leo,deliveredbytheroyalsurgeon/gynaecologistMarcusSetchell,wasthefirstlegitimatechildborntoaservingprimeministerinover150years–sinceFrancisRussellwasborntoLordJohnRussellon11July1849.[252]AllfourchildrenhaveIrishpassports,byvirtueofBlair'smother,HazelElizabethRosaleenCorscadden(12June1923 –28June1975).[253]Thefamily'sprimaryresidenceisinConnaughtSquare;theBlairsowneightresidencesintotal.[254] Hisfirstgrandchild(agirl)wasborninOctober2016.[255] Wealth Blair'sfinancialassetsarestructuredinanopaquemanner,andassuchestimatesoftheirextentvarywidely.[256]Theseincludefiguresofupto£100million.Blairstatedin2014thathewasworth"lessthan£20million".[257]A2015assertion,byFrancisBeckett,DavidHenckeandNickKochan,concludedthatBlairhadacquired$90millionandapropertyportfolioworth$37.5millionintheeightyearssincehehadleftoffice.[258] InOctober2021,BlairwasnamedinthePandoraPapers.[259] Religiousfaith InaninterviewwithMichaelParkinsonbroadcastonITV1on4March2006,BlairreferredtotheroleofhisChristianfaithinhisdecisiontogotowarinIraq,statingthathehadprayedabouttheissue,andsayingthatGodwouldjudgehimforhisdecision:"Ithinkifyouhavefaithaboutthesethings,yourealisethatjudgementismadebyotherpeople ...andifyoubelieveinGod,it'smadebyGodaswell."[260] AccordingtoPressSecretaryAlastairCampbell'sdiary,BlairoftenreadtheBiblebeforetakinganyimportantdecisions.HestatesthatBlairhada"wobble"andconsideredchanginghismindontheeveofthebombingofIraqin1998.[261] AlongerexplorationofhisfaithcanbefoundinaninterviewwithThirdWayMagazine.Therehesaysthat"Iwasbroughtupas[aChristian],butIwasnotinanyrealsenseapractisingoneuntilIwenttoOxford.TherewasanAustralianpriestatthesamecollegeasmewhogotmeinterestedagain.Inasense,itwasarediscoveryofreligionassomethingliving,thatwasabouttheworldaroundmeratherthansomesortofspecialone-to-onerelationshipwitharemoteBeingonhigh.SuddenlyIbegantoseeitssocialrelevance.Ibegantomakesenseoftheworld".[262] AtonepointAlastairCampbellintervenedinaninterview,preventingBlairfromansweringaquestionabouthisChristianity,explaining,"Wedon'tdoGod."[263]Campbelllatersaidthathehadintervenedonlytoendtheinterviewbecausethejournalisthadbeentakinganexcessivetime,andthatthecommenthadjustbeenathrowawayline.[264] CherieBlair'sfriendand"spiritualguru"CaroleCapliniscreditedwithintroducingherandherhusbandtovariousNewAgesymbolsandbeliefs,including"magicpendants"knownas"BioElectricShields".[265]ThemostcontroversialoftheBlairs'NewAgepracticesoccurredwhenonholidayinMexico.Thecouple,wearingonlybathingcostumes,tookpartinarebirthingprocedure,whichinvolvedsmearingmudandfruitovereachother'sbodieswhilesittinginasteambath.[266] Lateron,BlairquestionedthePope'sattitudetowardshomosexuality,arguingthatreligiousleadersmuststart"rethinking"theissue.[267]BlairwasreprimandedbyCardinalBasilHumein1996forreceivingHolyCommunionatMass,whilestillanAnglican,incontraventionofcanonlaw.[268]On22December2007,itwasdisclosedthatBlairhadjoinedtheRomanCatholicChurch.Themovewasdescribedas"aprivatematter".[269][270]HehadinformedPopeBenedictXVIon23June2007thathewantedtobecomeaCatholic.ThePopeandhisadvisorscriticisedsomeofBlair'spoliticalactions,butfollowedupwithareportedlyunprecedentedred-carpetwelcome,whichincludedtheCardinalArchbishopofWestminster,CormacMurphy-O'Connor,whowouldberesponsibleforBlair'sCatholicinstruction.[271]In2010,TheTabletnamedhimasoneofBritain'smostinfluentialRomanCatholics.[272] Extramaritalaffairallegations In2014,VanityFairandTheEconomistpublishedallegationsthatBlairhadhadanextramaritalaffairwithWendiDeng,whowasthenmarriedtoRupertMurdoch.[171][273]Blairdeniedtheallegations.[170][171] Portrayalsandcameoappearances Mainarticle:CulturaldepictionsofTonyBlair Appearances BlairmadeananimatedcameoappearanceashimselfinTheSimpsonsepisode,"TheReginaMonologues"(2003).[274]HehasalsoappearedashimselfattheendofthefirstepisodeofTheAmazingMrsPritchard,aBritishtelevisionseriesaboutanunknownhousewifebecomingprimeminister.On14March2007,BlairappearedasacelebrityjudgeonMasterchefGoesLargeaftercontestantshadtoprepareathree-coursemealintheDowningStreetkitchensforBlairandBertieAhern.[275]On16March2007,BlairfeaturedinacomedysketchwithCatherineTate,whoappearedintheguiseofhercharacterLaurenCooperfromTheCatherineTateShow.ThesketchwasmadefortheBBCRedNoseDayfundraisingprogrammeof2007.Duringthesketch,BlairusedLauren'scatchphrase"AmIbovvered?"[276] Portrayals MichaelSheenhasportrayedBlairthreetimes,inthefilmsTheDeal(2003),TheQueen(2006),andTheSpecialRelationship(2009).RobertLindsayportrayedBlairintheTVprogrammeAVerySocialSecretary(2005),andreprisedtheroleinTheTrialofTonyBlair(2007).HewasalsoportrayedbyJamesLarkininTheGovernmentInspector(2005),andbyIoanGruffuddinW.(2008).Inthe2006Channel4comedydramadocumentary,TonyBlair:RockStar,hewasportrayedbyChristianBrassington.[277] Blairinfictionandsatire WhenBlairresignedasprimeminister,RobertHarris,aformerFleetStreetpoliticaleditor,droppedhisotherworktowriteTheGhost.TheCIA-influencedBritishprimeministerinthebookissaidtobeathinlydisguisedversionofBlair.[278]ThenovelwasfilmedasTheGhostWriter(2010)withPierceBrosnanportrayingtheBlaircharacter,AdamLang.StephenManganportraysBlairinTheHuntforTonyBlair(2011),aone-offTheComicStripPresents...satirepresentedinthestyleofa1950sfilmnoir.Inthefilm,heiswronglyimplicatedinthedeathsofRobinCookandJohnSmithandontherunfromInspectorHutton.[279]In2007,thescenarioofapossiblewarcrimestrialfortheformerBritishprimeministerwassatirisedbytheBritishbroadcasterChannel4,ina"mockumentary",TheTrialofTonyBlair,whichconcludedwiththefictionalBlairbeingdispatchedtotheHague.[280] Honours BlairpresentedwiththePresidentialMedalofFreedombyPresidentGeorgeW.Bushin2009 BlairinKosovomeetingchildrennamedafterhim,2010 PrivyCouncillor(1994)[46] CongressionalGoldMedal(2003)[281] HonoraryDoctorofLaw(LLD)fromQueen'sUniversityBelfast(2008) PresidentialMedalofFreedom(2009) DanDavidPrize(2009) LibertyMedal(2010) OrderofFreedom(2010) KnightCompanionoftheOrderoftheGarter(2022) InMay2007,BlairwasinvestedasaparamountchiefbythechiefsandpeopleofthevillageofMaherainSierraLeone.ThehonourwasbestoweduponhiminrecognitionoftheroleplayedbyhisgovernmentintheSierraLeoneCivilWar.[282] On22May2008,BlairreceivedanhonorarylawdoctoratefromQueen'sUniversityBelfast,alongsideBertieAhern,fordistinctioninpublicserviceandrolesintheNorthernIrelandpeaceprocess.[283] On13January2009,BlairwasawardedthePresidentialMedalofFreedombyPresidentGeorgeW.Bush.[284]BushstatedthatBlairwasgiventheaward"inrecognitionofexemplaryachievementandtoconveytheutmostesteemoftheAmericanpeople"[285]andcitedBlair'ssupportfortheWaronTerrorandhisroleinachievingpeaceinNorthernIrelandastworeasonsforjustifyinghisbeingpresentedwiththeaward.[286] On16February2009,BlairwasawardedtheDanDavidPrizebyTelAvivUniversityfor"exceptionalleadershipandsteadfastdeterminationinhelpingtoengineeragreementsandforgelastingsolutionstoareasinconflict".HewasawardedtheprizeinMay2009.[287][288] On8July2010,BlairwasawardedtheOrderofFreedombyPresidentFatmirSejdiuofKosovo.[289]AsBlairisconsideredtohavebeeninstrumentalinendingtheconflictinKosovo,someboysborninthecountryfollowingthewarhavebeengiventhenameToniorTonibler.[290] On13September2010,BlairwasawardedtheLibertyMedalattheNationalConstitutionCenterinPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania.[291]ItwaspresentedbyformerPresidentBillClinton,andisawardedannuallyto"menandwomenofcourageandconvictionwhostrivetosecuretheblessingsoflibertytopeoplearoundtheglobe".[291][292] On31December2021itwasannouncedthattheQueenhadappointedBlairaKnightCompanionoftheOrderoftheGarter(KG).[293][294]Blairhadreportedlyindicatedwhenheleftofficethathedidnotwantthetraditionalknighthoodorpeeragebestowedonformerprimeministers.[295]ApetitioncitedhisroleintheIraqWarasareasontoremovetheknighthoodandgarneredmorethanonemillionsignatures.[296] Works Blair,Tony(2010).AJourney.London:RandomHouse.ISBN 0-09-192555-X.OCLC 657172683. Blair,Tony(2002).TheCourageofOurConvictions.London:FabianSociety.ISBN 0-7163-0603-4. Blair,Tony(2000).Superpower:NotSuperstate?(FederalTrustEuropeanEssays).London:FederalTrustforEducation&Research.ISBN 1-903403-25-1. Blair,Tony(1998).TheThirdWay:NewPoliticsfortheNewCentury.London:FabianSociety.ISBN 0-7163-0588-7. Blair,Tony(1998).LeadingtheWay:NewVisionforLocalGovernment.London:InstituteforPublicPolicyResearch.ISBN 1-86030-075-8. Blair,Tony(1997).NewBritain:MyVisionofaYoungCountry.NewYork:BasicBooks.ISBN 0-8133-3338-5. Blair,Tony(1995).LetUsFacetheFuture.London:FabianSociety.ISBN 0-7163-0571-2. Blair,Tony(1994).WhatPriceaSafeSociety?.London:FabianSociety.ISBN 0-7163-0562-3. Blair,Tony(1994).Socialism.London:FabianSociety.ISBN 0-7163-0565-8. Seealso Blatcherism Bush–Blair2003Iraqmemo CashforHonours CulturaldepictionsofTonyBlair ParliamentarymotiontoimpeachTonyBlair(November2004) Halsbury'sLawsofEngland(2004),referencetoimpeachmentinvolumeonConstitutionalLawandHumanRights,paragraph416 Explanatorynotes ^Electorateabolished, February1974;reconstituted, 1983. ^Politicsthatrecognisedindividualsassociallyinterdependent,advocatingsocialjustice,cohesion,theequalworthofeachcitizen,andequalopportunity.GenerallyseenassomewherebetweenoramixtureoftraditionalsocialistandConservativeideals. 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^Cowburn,Ashley(12May2021)."LabourPartyneeds'totaldeconstructionandreconstruction'torevive,TonyBlairsays".TheIndependent.Archivedfromtheoriginalon24June2021.Retrieved20June2021. ^"Cheriecelebratesher30thWeddingAnniversarythisspring".CherieBlair.Archivedfromtheoriginalon24March2010.Retrieved4November2010. ^"Facts:LifeandtimesofTonyBlair".CNN.Archivedfromtheoriginalon20October2013. ^"WelcomedistractionforTonyBlair".BBCNews.20May2000.Archivedfromtheoriginalon17November2006.Retrieved13July2010. ^Mcdonagh,Melanie(13September2009)."Namesthatmeantrouble".SundayTimes.London.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28July2011. ^Rayner,Gordon(7February2014)."EuanBlair'smother,nothiswife,ispartnerinmaritalhome".TheDailyTelegraph.Archivedfromtheoriginalon9February2014.Retrieved14February2014. ^Blair,Cherie(27October2016)."Equalitybetweenmenandwomenisstill170yearsaway".TheIndependent.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28October2016.Retrieved28October2016.LastweekTonyandIweredelightedtowelcomeourfirstgrandchildintothefamily. 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^Chancellor,Alexander(18May2007)."Blairdoesn'tneedintermediariestocommunicatewithGod.SowhydoeshewanttobecomeaCatholic?".TheGuardian.London,UK.Retrieved22November2007. ^"TonyBlairjoinsCatholicfaith".BBCNews.22December2007.Archivedfromtheoriginalon24December2007.Retrieved22November2007. ^"BlairConvertsToCatholicism".SkyNews.22December2007.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28June2009.Retrieved22November2007. ^Gledhill,Ruth;Austin,Jeremy;Webster,Philip(17May2007)."BlairwillbewelcomedintoCatholicfoldviahis'baptismofdesire'".TheTimes.UK.Archivedfromtheoriginalon25July2008.Retrieved22November2007. ^"100TopCatholics".TheTablet.11September2010.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19September2010.Retrieved29March2021. ^"ThelonelinessofTonyBlair".TheEconomist.17December2014.Archivedfromtheoriginalon8August2017.Retrieved17September2017. ^"TheReginaMonologues".TheSimpsons.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon20March2007.Retrieved8April2007. ^"MasterchefAddict'sblog".TheStage.15March2007.Archivedfromtheoriginalon29September2008. ^"CatherineTatehailsBlair'scomicskills".TheTelegraph.London,UK.22March2007.Archivedfromtheoriginalon11January2008.Retrieved4June2007. ^SallyPook(3November2005)."ComedyrevealsalmostallofBlair'searlyambitionstobeMickJagger".TheDailyTelegraph.Archivedfromtheoriginalon6November2019.Retrieved6November2019. ^"Thisone'sforyou,Tony",TheObserver,30September2007. ^Plunkett,John(26August2011)."ComicStripreturnswithTonyBlairontheruninChannel4filmnoircomedy".TheGuardian.London.Archivedfromtheoriginalon23October2013.Retrieved5September2011. ^"TheTrialofTonyBlair".Variety.14June2007.Archivedfromtheoriginalon11October2012.Retrieved3September2012. ^Eidenmuller,MichaelE.(18July2003)."TonyBlairAddressesCongressAcceptingtheCongressionalGoldMedalAward".AmericanRhetoric –OnlineSpeechBank.Archivedfromtheoriginalon9January2011.Retrieved20April2010. ^"TonyBlairtheAfricanchief".Metro.UK.5May2007.Archivedfromtheoriginalon12January2021.Retrieved21November2020. ^"Queen'sdegreesforex-premiers".BBCNews.22May2008.Archivedfromtheoriginalon15January2009.Retrieved22May2008. ^"BlairtogetUSMedalofFreedom".BBCNews.5January2009.Archivedfromtheoriginalon8January2009.Retrieved20April2010. ^Adetunji,Jo(13January2009)."BushgivesBlairhighestUScivilianhonour".TheGuardian.London,UK.Archivedfromtheoriginalon5September2013.Retrieved20April2010. ^Hines,Nico(13January2009)."PresidentBushawardsTonyBlairPresidentialMedalofFreedom".TheTimes.Archivedfromtheoriginalon12September2021.Retrieved11September2021. ^"BlairwinsDanDavidPrize".JTA –Jewish&IsraelNews.17February2009.Archivedfromtheoriginalon26November2010.Retrieved20April2010. ^"Blair'speace-brokerprizesurreal,sayanti-warcampaigners".RadioFranceInternationale.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2December2010.Retrieved20April2010. ^"PresidentSejdiugivestheGoldenMedalofFreedomtoPrimeMinisterBlair".president-ksgov.net.Archivedfromtheoriginalon4March2016.Retrieved26May2020. ^"NamesakeswelcomeTonyBlairduringKosovovisit".BBCNews.9July2010.Archivedfromtheoriginalon17November2011.Retrieved4January2012. ^abTran,Mark(14September2010)."LibertymedalawardedtoTonyBlair".TheGuardian.Archivedfromtheoriginalon16September2013.Retrieved2May2013. ^"LibertyMedal".NationalConstitutionCenter.Archivedfromtheoriginalon15April2021.Retrieved11April2021. ^"Blairbecomes'SirTony'andjoinstoproyalorder".BBC.31December2021.Retrieved31December2021. ^"NewAppointmentstotheOrderoftheGarterannounced".royal.uk.TheBritishMonarchy.31December2021.Retrieved1January2022.andTheRightHonourableAnthonyCharlesLyntonBlairtobeaKnightCompanionoftheMostNobleOrderoftheGarter. ^Kite,Melissa(30December2007)."TonyBlairspurnshonourssystem".TheDailyTelegraph.UK.Archivedfromtheoriginalon3December2011.Retrieved1September2010. ^"TonyBlair:Petitiontoblockknighthoodpassesonemillionsignatures".BBCNews.7January2022.Retrieved8January2022. Furtherreading Bower,Tom(2016).BrokenVows,TonyBlair,TheTragedyofPower.Faber&Faber.ISBN 978-0-571-31422-5. Abse,Leo(2001).TonyBlair:TheManBehindtheSmile.RobsonBooks.ISBN 1-86105-364-9. Beckett,F.;Hencke,D.(2004).TheBlairsandTheirCourt.AurumPress.ISBN 1-84513-024-3. TonyBlair:TheManWhoLostHisSmile.RobsonBooks.2003.ISBN 1-86105-698-2. Blair,Tony(1998).IainDale(ed.).TheBlairNecessities:TonyBlairBookofQuotations.RobsonBooks.ISBN 1-86105-139-5. PaulRichards,ed.(2004).TonyBlair:InHisOwnWords.Politico'sPublishing.ISBN 1-84275-089-5. Gould,Philip(1999).TheUnfinishedRevolution:HowtheModernisersSavedtheLabourParty.Abacus.ISBN 0-349-11177-4. Naughtie,James(2001).TheRivals:TheIntimateStoryofaPoliticalMarriage.FourthEstate.ISBN 1-84115-473-3. TheAccidentalAmerican:TonyBlairandthePresidency.Macmillan.2004.ISBN 1-4050-5001-2. Rawnsley,Andrew(2000).ServantsofthePeople:TheInsideStoryofNewLabour.HamishHamilton.ISBN 0-241-14029-3. ServantsofthePeople:TheInsideStoryofNewLabour(2nd ed.).PenguinBooks.2001.ISBN 0-14-027850-8. Rentoul,John(2001).TonyBlair:PrimeMinister.LittleBrown.ISBN 0-316-85496-4. Riddell,Peter(2004).TheUnfulfilledPrimeMinister:TonyBlairandtheEndofOptimism.Politico'sPublishing.ISBN 1-84275-113-1. Seldon,Anthony(2004).Blair.FreePress.ISBN 0-7432-3211-9. Short,Clare(2004).AnHonourableDeception?NewLabour,Iraq,andtheMisuseofPower.FreePress.ISBN 0-7432-6392-8. Stephens,Philip(2004).TonyBlair:TheMakingofaWorldLeader.VikingBooks.ISBN 0-670-03300-6. Wheatcroft,Geoffrey(2007).Yo,Blair!.Methuen.ISBN 978-1-84275-206-7. "PrimeMinistersQuestionTime".ParliamentoftheUnitedKingdom.27June2007.Archivedfromtheoriginalon11February2015.Retrieved2January2015. Externallinks WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedto: TonyBlair(category) WikiquotehasquotationsrelatedtoTonyBlair. Wikisourcehasoriginalworkswrittenbyorabout:TonyBlair TheOfficeofTonyBlairArchived17January2012attheWaybackMachine–Officialwebsite TonyBlairFaithFoundationArchived10December2010attheWaybackMachine TonyBlaircollectednewsandcommentaryatTheGuardian TonyBlaircollectednewsandcommentaryatTheNewYorkTimes TheBlairYears–TimelineatBBCNews TonyBlairatIMDb AppearancesonC-SPAN PortraitsofTonyBlairattheNationalPortraitGallery,London ThePrimeMinisterTonyCharlesLyntonBlairattheWaybackMachine(archived7June2007)atwww.pm.gov.uk ContributionsinParliamentatHansard1803–2005 VotingrecordatPublicWhip RecordinParliamentatTheyWorkForYou ParliamentoftheUnitedKingdom NewtitleConstituencyreestablished MemberofParliamentforSedgefield1983–2007 Succeeded byPhilWilson Politicaloffices Preceded byBryanGould ShadowMinisterforTrade1987–1988 Succeeded byRobinCook Preceded byJohnPrescott ShadowSecretaryofStateforEnergy1988–1989 Succeeded byFrankDobson Preceded byMichaelMeacher ShadowSecretaryofStateforEmployment1989–1992 Preceded byRoyHattersley ShadowHomeSecretary1992–1994 Succeeded byJackStraw Preceded byMargaretBeckett LeaderoftheOpposition1994–1997 Succeeded byJohnMajor Preceded byJohnMajor PrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdom1997–2007 Succeeded byGordonBrown MinisterfortheCivilService1997–2007 FirstLordoftheTreasury1997–2007 Preceded byJean-ClaudeJuncker PresidentoftheEuropeanCouncil2005 Succeeded byWolfgangSchüssel Partypoliticaloffices Preceded byJohnSmith LeaderoftheLabourParty1994–2007 Succeeded byGordonBrown Diplomaticposts Preceded byBillClinton ChairpersonoftheGroupof81998 Succeeded byGerhardSchröder Preceded byGeorgeW.Bush ChairpersonoftheGroupof82005 Succeeded byVladimirPutin VacantTitlelastheldbyJamesWolfensohn SpecialEnvoyoftheQuartet2007–2015 VacantTitlenextheldbyKitodeBoer OrdersofprecedenceintheUnitedKingdom Preceded byStephenDorrell Gentlemen Succeeded byAndrewMorritt vteTonyBlair PrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdom(1997–2007) LeaderoftheLabourParty(1994–2007) MPforSedgefield(1983–2007) Politics Premiership Blairministry First,1997–2001 Second,2001–2005 Third,2005–2007 Blair–Browndeal Electoralhistory ShadowCabinetofTonyBlair Bush–Blair2003Iraqmemo 2006cabinetreshuffle Ideology Blairism NewLabour ThirdWay Generalelections 1997 2001 2005 Partyelection 1994 ShadowCabinetelections 1992 1993 Post-premiership TonyBlairInstituteforGlobalChange QuartetontheMiddleEast AfricaProgressPanel TonyBlairFaithFoundation CommissionforAfrica Books AJourney Culturaldepictions If...(1981–comic) SpittingImage(1984–1996TVseries) IndependenceDayUK(1996film) StAlbionParishNews(1997–2007) "TonyBlair"(1999song) TheBigImpression(2000–2004TVseries) 2DTV(2001–2004TVseries) AlanClarkDiaries:Volume3:TheLastDiaries1993–1999(2002) "ShoottheDog"(2002song) JeffreyArcher:TheTruth(2002) NumberTen(2002novel) TheDeal(2003film) TheSimpsons,"TheReginaMonologues"(2003) PhotoOp(2003photomontage) Churchill:TheHollywoodYears(2004film) TheGovernmentInspector(2005film) TheQueen(2006film) TheBlairYears(2007) TheTrialofTonyBlair(2007) TONY!TheBlairMusical(2007) TheGhost(2007novel) RedNoseDay2007(2007TV) Headcases(2008TVseries) W.(2008film) TheGhostWriter(2010film) TheSpecialRelationship(2010film) TheHuntforTonyBlair(2011) TheAudience(2013play) TheKilling$ofTonyBlair(2016) TheJourney(2016film) Relatedtopics UglyRumours Respectagenda Blatcherism CoolBritannia BlairBabes Tony'sCronies IraqInquiry People'sprincess Family CherieBlair(wife) EuanBlair(son) LeoBlair(father) WilliamBlair(brother) ←JohnMajor GordonBrown→  Category TonyBlairnavigationalboxes vtePrimeMinistersoftheUnitedKingdom(List) GreatBritain Walpole(Orford) Wilmington Pelham Newcastle Devonshire Newcastle Bute G.Grenville Rockingham Chatham(PitttheElder) Grafton North Rockingham Shelburne Portland PitttheYounger  UnitedKingdom PitttheYounger Addington PitttheYounger LordGrenville Portland Perceval Liverpool Canning Goderich Wellington Grey Melbourne Wellington Peel Melbourne Peel Russell Derby Aberdeen Palmerston Derby Palmerston 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Beckett Blair Major Hague DuncanSmith Howard Cameron Harman Miliband Harman Corbyn Starmer HouseofLords Grenville Grey 3rdMarquessofLansdowne Wellington 3rdMarquessofLansdowne Wellington Melbourne Wellington Melbourne 3rdMarquessofLansdowne Stanley 3rdMarquessofLansdowne Derby(Stanley) Granville Derby Russell Granville Malmesbury Cairns Richmond Granville Beaconsfield 3rdMarquessofSalisbury Granville 3rdMarquessofSalisbury Granville Kimberley 3rdMarquessofSalisbury Rosebery Kimberley Spencer Ripon 5thMarquessofLansdowne Crewe CurzonofKedleston Haldane Parmoor 4thMarquessofSalisbury Hailsham Parmoor PonsonbyofShulbrede Snell Addison 5thMarquessofSalisbury Addison Jowitt AlexanderofHillsborough Carrington Shackleton Carrington Peart CledwynofPenrhos Richard Cranborne Strathclyde RoyallofBlaisdon SmithofBasildon vteBlairCabinetMinistries First(1997–2001) Second(2001–2005) Third(2005–2007) Cabinetmembers DouglasAlexander BaronessAmos HilaryArmstrong MargaretBeckett HilaryBenn TonyBlair HazelBlears DavidBlunkett PaulBoateng GordonBrown NickBrown DesBrowne StephenByers DavidClark CharlesClarke RobinCook JackCunningham AlistairDarling RonDavies DonaldDewar FrankDobson PeterHain HarrietHarman PatriciaHewitt GeoffHoon JohnHutton LordIrvineofLairg BaronessJayofPaddington AlanJohnson TessaJowell RuthKelly HelenLiddell PeterMandelson IanMcCartney AlunMichael AlanMilburn DavidMiliband PaulMurphy EstelleMorris MoMowlam JohnReid IvorLordRichard GeorgeRobertson ClareShort AndrewSmith ChrisSmith GavinStrang JackStraw AnnTaylor StephenTimms LordWilliamsofMostyn Alsoattendedmeetings PeterGoldsmith JohnMorris JacquiSmith vteShadowHomeSecretariesoftheUnitedKingdom Younger GordonWalker Brown Soskice Boyle Thorneycroft Hogg Callaghan Williams Jenkins Prior Joseph Gilmour Whitelaw Rees Hattersley Kaufman Hattersley Blair Straw Howard Mawhinney Fowler Widdecombe Letwin Davis Grieve Grayling Johnson Balls Cooper Burnham Abbott Brown(Acting) Abbott Thomas-Symonds vte2005UnitedKingdomgeneralelection Constituencyresults Marginalconstituencies Opinionpolling MPselected Pre-election Parties Resultsbreakdown IncumbentPrimeMinister:TonyBlair(Labour) AppointedPrimeMinister:TonyBlair(Labour) PartieselectedtotheHouseofCommonsandtheirleaders TonyBlair(Labour) MichaelHoward(Conservative) CharlesKennedy(LiberalDemocrats) IanPaisley(DemocraticUnionistParty) AlexSalmond(ScottishNationalParty) GerryAdams(SinnFéin) IeuanWynJones(PlaidCymru) MarkDurkan(SocialDemocraticandLabourParty) RichardTaylor(HealthConcern) GeorgeGalloway(Respect) DavidTrimble(UlsterUnionistParty) Resultsbyarea England NorthernIreland Scotland(Edinburgh) Wales Seealso RegKeys PeterLaw Vote-OK 2005UnitedKingdomlocalelections vteLabourPartyHistoryMain HistoryoftheLabourParty Topics Generalelectionmanifestos HistoryofthesocialistmovementintheUnitedKingdom EuropeanParliamentaryLabourParty ScottishLabourParty(1888) IndependentLabourParty LabourRepresentationCommittee Gladstone–MacDonaldpact NationalLabourOrganisation LabourIndependentGroup CampaignforDemocraticSocialism Lib–Labpact FormationofSDP GangofFour LimehouseDeclaration Militanttendency Thelongestsuicidenoteinhistory Onemoreheave NewLabour Tony'sCronies BlueLabour OneNationLabour ChakrabartiInquiry LeadershipLeaders Hardie Henderson Barnes MacDonald Henderson Adamson Clynes MacDonald Henderson Lansbury Attlee Morrison^ Gaitskell Brown^ Wilson Callaghan Foot Kinnock Smith Beckett^ Blair Brown Harman^ Miliband Harman^ Corbyn Starmer DeputyLeaders Clynes Graham Attlee Greenwood Morrison Griffiths Bevan Brown Jenkins Short Foot Healey Hattersley Beckett Prescott Harman Watson Rayner GeneralSecretaries MacDonald Henderson Middleton Phillips Williams Barker^ Nicholas Hayward Mortimer Whitty Sawyer McDonagh Triesman Carter Watt Collins McNicol Formby Evans Treasurers Henderson MacDonald Henderson Lathan Greenwood Gaitskell Bevan Nicholas Davies Callaghan Atkinson Varley Booth McCluskie Burlison Prosser Elsby Dromey Holland LeadersintheLords Haldane Cripps Ponsonby Snell Addison Jowitt Alexander Pakenham Shackleton Shepherd Peart Hughes Richard Jay Williams Amos Ashton Royall SmithofBasildon ScottishLabourLeaders Dewar McLeish Jamieson^ McConnell Jamieson^ Alexander Jamieson^ Gray Lamont Sarwar^ Murphy Gray^ Dugdale Rowley^ Baillie^ Leonard Sarwar PLPChairs Hardie Henderson Barnes MacDonald Henderson Hodge* Wardle* Adamson Clynes MacDonald Henderson Lansbury Attlee Lees-Smith* Pethick-Lawrence* Greenwood* Gaitskell Wilson Houghton Mikardo Hughes Willey Dormand Orme Hoyle Soley Corston Clwyd Lloyd Watts Cryer EPLPLeaders Stewart Prescott Castle Lomas Martin Seal Ford Green David Donnelly Murphy Titley Willmott Corbett *=wartime,inopposition^Interim/ActingInternalelectionsandselectionsLeadershipelections 1922RamsayMacDonald 1931ArthurHenderson 1932GeorgeLansbury 1935ClementAttlee 1955HughGaitskell 1960 1961 1963HaroldWilson 1976JamesCallaghan 1980MichaelFoot 1983NeilKinnock 1988 1992JohnSmith 1994TonyBlair 2007GordonBrown 2010EdMiliband 2015JeremyCorbyn 2016 2020KeirStarmer DeputyLeadershipelections 1952HerbertMorrison 1953 1956JimGriffiths 1959AneurinBevan 1960GeorgeBrown 1961 1962 1970RoyJenkins 1971 1972EdwardShort 1976MichaelFoot 1980DenisHealey 1981 1983RoyHattersley 1988 1992MargaretBeckett 1994JohnPrescott 2007HarrietHarman 2015TomWatson 2020AngelaRayner ShadowCabinetelectionsandreshuffles Sep1931(Henderson) Nov1931 1932(Lansbury) 1933 1934 1935(Attlee) 1936 1937 1938 1939 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956(Gaitskell) 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963(Wilson) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1979(Callaghan) 1980(Foot) 1981 1982 1983(Kinnock) 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992(Smith) 1993 1994(Blair) 1995 1996 2010(Miliband) June2016(Corbyn) May2021(Starmer) November2021 PartystructureConstitution LabourPartyConstitution ClauseIV RuleBook Executive NationalExecutiveCommittee GeneralSecretary Treasurer Parliamentary ParliamentaryLabourParty ChiefWhipoftheLabourParty Conference LabourPartyConference Subnational ScottishLabour WelshLabour LabourPartyinNorthernIreland YorkshireandtheHumberLabourParty Directlyelectedcitymayoralauthorities LondonLabour CLPs ConstituencyLabourParty LabourInternational Miscellaneous NationalPolicyForum Affiliatedtradeunions TradeUnionandLabourPartyLiaisonOrganisation LabourCo-operative Co-operativeParty Labour–FederationofLabourGroups AssociatedorganisationsList OrganisationsassociatedwiththeLabourParty Sectionalgroups YoungLabour LabourInternational LGBT+Labour LabourCampaignforTransRights LabourStudents BAMELabour DisabilityLabour Factionalgroups BlueLabour CampaignforLabourPartyDemocracy ChristiansontheLeft Compass FabianSociety YoungFabians FutureBritain Centre-LeftGrassrootsAlliance JewishLabourMovement LabourCampaignforElectoralReform LabourCND LabourFriendsofIsrael LabourFriendsofPalestine&theMiddleEast LabourPartyIrishSociety LabourRepresentationCommittee(2004) Momentum OpenLabour NationalUnionofLabourandSocialistClubs Progress SocialistAppeal SocialistHealthAssociation SocialistEducationalAssociation SocialistEnvironmentandResourcesAssociation SocialistCampaignGroup SocialistYouthNetwork Socialistsocieties Mediapublications LabourList Tribune PartyalliancesCurrent PartyofEuropeanSocialists ProgressiveAllianceofSocialistsandDemocrats ProgressiveAlliance SocialistInternational vteNewLabourKeyfigures TonyBlair GordonBrown PeterMandelson AlastairCampbell AnthonyGiddens AnthonyCrosland PhilipGould DavidSainsbury Politicalethos Blairism ThirdWay Blatcherism Brownism Generalelections 1997 2001 2005 2010 Post-electionevents Leadershipelections 1994 2007 2010 Government PremiershipofTonyBlair BlairI BlairII BlairIII ChancellorshipofGordonBrown PremiershipofGordonBrown Brown Publications TheFutureofSocialism AJourney TheThirdMan TheBlairYears ThePurpleBook Funders MichaelLevy TrevorChinn AlexanderBernstein RobertGavron DavidGarrard Related Onemoreheave LabourCo-ordinatingCommittee Blair–Browndeal ClauseFourmoment NewLabour,NewLifeForBritain NewLabour,NewDanger "ThingsCanOnlyGetBetter" Progress BlairBabe Tony'sCronies CashforHonours FutureBritainGroup Neoconservatism LabourParty(UK) Category vte1994LabourPartyleadershipelectionInterimLeader:MargaretBeckett MargaretBeckett TonyBlair JohnPrescott vteCurrentmembersoftheOrderoftheGarterExofficio TheQueen ThePrinceofWales KnightsandLadiesCompanion TheDukeofAbercorn TheLordInge TheLordButlerofBrockwell TheLordMorrisofAberavon SirJohnMajor TheLordLuce SirThomasDunne TheLordPhillipsofWorthMatravers TheLordBoyce TheLordStirrup TheBaronessManningham-Buller TheLordKingofLothbury TheLordShuttleworth SirDavidBrewer LadyMaryFagan TheViscountBrookeborough LadyMaryPeters TheMarquessofSalisbury TheBaronessAmos SirTonyBlair Fourvacancies RoyalKnightsandLadiesCompanion TheDukeofKent ThePrincessRoyal TheDukeofGloucester PrincessAlexandra,TheHonourableLadyOgilvy TheDukeofYork TheEarlofWessex 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1981SimoneVeil 1982KingJuanCarlosI 1983 1984 1985 1986PeopleofLuxembourg 1987HenryKissinger 1988FrançoisMitterrand /HelmutKohl 1989BrotherRoger 1990GyulaHorn 1991VáclavHavel 1992JacquesDelors 1993FelipeGonzález 1994GroHarlemBrundtland 1995FranzVranitzky 1996QueenBeatrix 1997RomanHerzog 1998BronisławGeremek 1999TonyBlair 2000BillClinton 2001–present 2001GyörgyKonrád 2002Euro 2003ValéryGiscardd'Estaing 2004PatCox /PopeJohnPaulII1 2005CarloAzeglioCiampi 2006Jean-ClaudeJuncker 2007JavierSolana 2008AngelaMerkel 2009AndreaRiccardi 2010DonaldTusk 2011Jean-ClaudeTrichet 2012WolfgangSchäuble 2013DaliaGrybauskaitė 2014HermanVanRompuy 2015MartinSchulz 2016PopeFrancis 2017TimothyGartonAsh 2018EmmanuelMacron 2019AntónioGuterres 2020KlausIohannis 2022SviatlanaTsikhanouskaya,MariaKalesnikava,VeronikaTsepkalo 1Receivedextraordinaryprize. vtePresidentsoftheEuropeanCouncilPresident-in-Office(1975–2009) Cosgrave Moro Thorn DenUyl Callaghan Tindemans Jørgensen Schmidt Giscardd'Estaing Lynch Cossiga Haughey Werner VanAgt Thatcher Martens Jørgensen Schlüter Kohl Papandreou Mitterrand FitzGerald Craxi Santer Lubbers Martens González Mitterrand Andreotti Lubbers Cavaco Major NyrupRasmussen Dehaene Chirac González Dini Prodi Bruton Kok Juncker Blair Klima Schröder Lipponen Guterres Chirac Persson Verhofstadt Aznar FoghRasmussen Simitis Berlusconi Ahern Balkenende Juncker Blair Schüssel Vanhanen Merkel Sócrates Janša Sarkozy Topolánek Fischer Reinfeldt PermanentPresident(since2009) VanRompuy Tusk Michel vteQuartetontheMiddleEastNegotiatingparties Israel PalestinianAuthority Diplomaticquartet EuropeanUnion(Borrell) Russia(Lavrov) UnitedNations(Guterres) UnitedStates(Blinken) SpecialEnvoy JohnN.Clarke Associatedorganizations ElectionsReformSupportGroup vteAfricaProgressPanel OlusegunObasanjo(chair) MichelCamdessus PeterEigen BobGeldof GraçaMachel LinahMohohlo RobertRubin TidjaneThiam vteCommissionforAfrica Blair(chairman) Adeola Amoako Baker Benn Brown Camdessus Geldof Goodale Peiding Kalema Manuel Mkapa Mohohlo Thiam Tibaijuka Meles AuthoritycontrolGeneral ISNI 1 VIAF 1 WorldCat Nationallibraries Norway Spain France(data) Catalonia Germany Israel UnitedStates Latvia Japan CzechRepublic Australia Greece Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Sweden Artresearchinstitutes ArtistNames(Getty) Biographicaldictionaries Germany Scientificdatabases CiNii(Japan) Other FacetedApplicationofSubjectTerminology MusicBrainzartist NationalArchives(US) RERO(Switzerland) 1 SocialNetworksandArchivalContext SUDOC(France) 1 Trove(Australia) 1 UKParliament Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Blair&oldid=1090491517" Categories:TonyBlair1953births20th-centuryprimeministersoftheUnitedKingdom21st-centuryprimeministersoftheUnitedKingdomAlumniofStJohn'sCollege,OxfordAlumnioftheInnsofCourtSchoolofLawBritishdiplomatsCommissionforAfricamembersCongressionalGoldMedalrecipientsConvertstoRomanCatholicismfromAnglicanismEnglishautobiographersEnglishpeopleofIrishdescentEnglishRomanCatholicsFellowsofStJohn'sCollege,OxfordFormerMarxistsLabourPartyprimeministersoftheUnitedKingdomLabourParty(UK)MPsforEnglishconstituenciesLabourFriendsofIsraelLeadersoftheLabourParty(UK)LeadersoftheOpposition(UnitedKingdom)LivingpeopleMembersofLincoln'sInnMembersoftheFabianSocietyMembersofthePrivyCounciloftheUnitedKingdomPeopleeducatedatFettesCollegePeopleeducatedattheChoristerSchool,DurhamPeoplenamedinthePandoraPapersPoliticiansfromEdinburghPresidentialMedalofFreedomrecipientsPresidentsoftheEuropeanCouncilPrimeMinistersoftheUnitedKingdomSedgefield(borough)TransportandGeneralWorkers'Union-sponsoredMPsTrimdonUKMPs1983–1987UKMPs1987–1992UKMPs1992–1997UKMPs1997–2001UKMPs2001–2005UKMPs2005–2010YaleUniversityfacultyTheWashingtonInstituteforNearEastPolicyWritersaboutreligionandscienceKnightsoftheGarterPoliticiansawardedknighthoodsHiddencategories:Pagescontaininglinkstosubscription-onlycontentWebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksCS1maint:unfitURLWebarchivetemplatearchiveislinksCS1maint:bot:originalURLstatusunknownArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataWikipediaindefinitelymove-protectedpagesWikipediaindefinitelysemi-protectedbiographiesoflivingpeopleUsedmydatesfromMarch2022UseBritishEnglishfromAugust2019OfficialwebsitedifferentinWikidataandWikipediaAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJanuary2016WikipediaarticlesneedingclarificationfromFebruary2016AllarticleslackingreliablereferencesArticleslackingreliablereferencesfromJanuary2016GuardiantopictemplateusingWikidataPeopleappearingonC-SPANArticleswithISNIidentifiersArticleswithVIAFidentifiersArticleswithWORLDCATIDidentifiersArticleswithBIBSYSidentifiersArticleswithBNEidentifiersArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithCANTICNidentifiersArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithLNBidentifiersArticleswithNDLidentifiersArticleswithNKCidentifiersArticleswithNLAidentifiersArticleswithNLGidentifiersArticleswithNLKidentifiersArticleswithNSKidentifiersArticleswithNTAidentifiersArticleswithPLWABNidentifiersArticleswithSELIBRidentifiersArticleswithULANidentifiersArticleswithDTBIOidentifiersArticleswithCINIIidentifiersArticleswithFASTidentifiersArticleswithMusicBrainzidentifiersArticleswithNARAidentifiersArticleswithREROidentifiersArticleswithSNAC-IDidentifiersArticleswithSUDOCidentifiersArticleswithTroveidentifiersArticleswithUKPARLidentifiersACwith31elements 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