中國歷史上的 「聖人（sage）」

　在我國歷史上某一領域有著傑出貢獻的人物，往往被後人尊稱為「聖人」。

「十聖」就是我國古代十位傑出的「聖人」，但其說法不一，被人們廣泛認可的有以下十位「聖人」。

n the history of our country, people who have made outstanding contributions in a certain field are often called "saints" by posterity. "Ten saints" are ten outstanding saints in ancient China, but they differ in different ways. Ten of them are widely recognized as saints.

一、至聖孔子

孔子名孔丘，字仲尼，春秋時魯國陬邑（今山東曲阜南）人。

我國古代著名思想家、政治家、教育家，儒家學說的創始人。

漢以後，孔子的學說逐漸成為中國封建文化的正統，影響極大，後世一直把他尊為「聖人」，號稱「至聖先師」。

One, the most holy Confucius

The name of Confucius Naduni during the spring and Autumn period, Confucius, the Chou (now Shandong in Funan) people. The famous thinker, statesman, educator and founder of Confucianism in ancient China. After Han Dynasty, Confucius's theory gradually became the orthodox system of Chinese feudal culture, which had great influence. Later generations regarded him as "sage", known as "holy teacher".

二、亞聖孟子

孟子名軻，字子輿，戰國時鄒國（今山東鄒縣東南）人，我國古代著名的思想家、政治家、教育家。

著有《孟子》一書，是儒家的經典之一。

他被認為是孔子學說的正宗繼承者，與孔子並稱為「孔孟」，尊為「亞聖」。

Two, San Mencius

Meng Zi's name Ke Zi Zi Yu, Zou Guo in the Warring States period (now Shandong southeast of Zou County), is a famous thinker, statesman and educator in ancient China. The book "Meng Zi" is one of the Confucian classics. He is considered to be authentic inheritance of Confucius's theory, and Confucius was known as "Kong Meng", the title of "sage".

三、詩聖杜甫

杜甫字子美，號少陵，河南鞏縣人。

我國唐代偉大詩人。

他一生寫了許多反映社會矛盾和現實生活的詩歌。

因為他的詩比較真實地反映出一個複雜、動盪的歷史時代，所以尊為「詩史」、「詩聖」。

Three, the great poet Du Fu

The words of Du Fu, Henan people, Shaoling, gongxian. Great poets of the Tang Dynasty in China. Throughout his life, he wrote many poems reflecting social contradictions and real life. Because his poetry reflects a complex and turbulent historical era, so it is respected as "poetry history" and "poetry saint".

四、草聖張旭

字伯高，蘇州人曾任常熟縣尉。

唐代大書法家。

以草書而聞名。

唐朝文宗皇帝曾向全國發出了一道罕見的詔書：李白的詩歌、張旭的草書、斐旻的劍舞可成為天下的「三絕」。

Four, Cao Sheng Zhang Xu

The word burgaw, Suzhou served as Changshu county. A great calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty. It is famous for his cursive books. Emperor Wen Zong in the Tang Dynasty sent a rare imperial edict to the whole country: Li Bai's poems, Zhang Xu's cursive script and Fei's sword dance can become the three wonders of the world.

五、酒聖杜康

杜康又名少康，字仲宇，夏朝人。

相傳杜康正是取些水造酒，有文字為證：「他邑酒，足滋酒；白之酒獨醫病。

故飲之終日，而無沉湎之患；服之終身而得氣血之和。

鄰里百里許，多沽酒於白。

先澤之遺，本地獨得其身，至今遺址槽沿存，此其明驗也。

」

杜康作為酒的始造者，開闢了源遠流長的華夏酒文化的源頭。

三國時，曹操吟詠出了「慨當以慷，憂思難忘，何以解憂，唯有杜康」的千古絕唱。

故而後人稱之為「酒聖」。

Five, Du Kang

The word Zhong Yu, aka Shaukang doukan, Xia people. According to legend, doukan is take some water to make wine, with text as evidence: "He Yi wine, white wine and wine foot; one patient. Therefore, drinking is always the end of life without any indulgence. Neighborhood 100 Li Xu, much to buy wine to white. The heritage of local Xianze, scored their body, has the storage groove along the site, also check ming."

As the wine was made doukan, opened up the source of the history of Chinese wine culture. Three, Cao Cao sang a vehement, memorable, why worries, only Dukang "poetic masterpiece through the ages. So called "the wine".

六、書聖王羲之

王羲之字逸少，人稱「王右丞」，東晉山東臨沂人，我國歷史上最著名的書法家。

他的字吸取了魏晉諸家書法的精華，創立了獨特的風格。

他寫的楷書，進一步擺脫了隸法的形跡，達到了獨立完美的境地，人們稱讚他的字「飄若浮雲」、「矯若驚龍」，公認他為「書聖」。

Six, St. Wang Xizhi

Wang Xizhi is the most famous calligrapher in the history of China. He is called "Wang ycheng". He is the most famous calligrapher in the history of Shandong. His words learned the essence of Wei Jin calligraphy from the creation of a unique style. The script he wrote further broke away from the scripts and reached an independent and perfect situation. People praised him as "floating clouds" and "all the rest of the dragon".

七、畫聖吳道子

吳道子名道玄，唐代陽翟（今河南禹州）人。

他的畫立體感很強，擅長畫人物，用朱粉的厚薄來表現骨肉的高低起伏，如同塑像一樣真實。

又善於畫佛像，形象逼真，人物的衣帶子飄飄若飛，有「吳帶當風」之譽，後世尊他為「畫聖」。

Seven, San Wu Daozi

The name of Wu Daozi Xuan, Tang Yang Zhai (now Henan Yuzhou) people. His paintings are strong in three-dimensional sense. They are good at drawing characters. They use the thickness of Zhu powder to show the ups and downs of flesh and bones, as real as statues. He is also good at painting Buddha statues, vividly and vividly, with the flying clothes of the characters flying, and has the reputation of "Wu takes advantage of the wind". Later generations respect him as "the painted saint".

八、醫聖張仲景

張仲景名機，漢末南陽人，我國古代傑出的醫學家，著有《傷寒雜病論》一書。

書中闡述的「辯證論治」的中醫理論和治療方法，奠定了中醫治療學的基礎，所以後人尊他為「醫聖」。

Eight, the San Zhang Zhongjing

The name of Zhang Zhongjing, at the end of the Han Dynasty in Nanyang, outstanding medical scientists in ancient China, the author of the book "Shanghanzabinglun". The theory of "dialectical treatment" expounded in the book laid the foundation for TCM therapeutics, so posterity respected him as "medical saint".

九、藥聖孫思邈

孫思邈公元581-682年，自號孫真人，京兆華原(今陝西省耀縣孫家塬)人，是隋、唐兩代大醫學家。

其所著的《千金要方》是我國最早的醫學百科全書，從基礎理論到臨床各科，理、法、方、藥齊備，是價值千金的中醫瑰寶。

故後人稱之為「藥王」，「真人」，「藥聖」。

Nine, the saint of medicine Sun Simiao

Sun Simiao in 581-682 ad, Sun Zhenren from Shaanxi, Beijing Zhao Hua Yuan (now Sun Jiayuan of Yao county, Henan Province), is a great medical expert in Sui, Tang and two dynasties. "Qianjin Yao Fang" is the earliest Encyclopedia of medicine in China. From basic theory to various clinical subjects, it is a treasure of traditional Chinese medicine with a thousand gold values. Known the "manual", "reality", "effective".

十、茶聖陸羽

陸羽字鴻漸，號東岡子，唐代夏州竟陵（今湖北天門）人，我國古代著名的茶葉專家。

他不慕榮華，畢生研究茶事，終於撰寫出世界上第一部茶葉專著——《茶經》，從而開茶葉研究的先河，所以後人譽他為「茶神」、「茶聖」。

Ten, Lu Yu

The word of Lu Yu hung Chien, To Kako, Tang Xia Zhou jingling (now Hubei Tianmen), the famous tea expert in ancient china. He was not Mu Ronghua. He studied tea all his life, and finally wrote the first tea monograph in the world, "tea scripture", thus opening the tea research, so the posterity praised him as "tea God" and "tea saint".

其它聖人

除了以上的「十聖」以外，還有不少人被後世稱作「聖人」，如下：

In addition to the above ten saints, many others are called "saints" by later generations.

武聖關羽：（162？-220）生於東漢桓帝延熹年間，字雲長，河東解良人（今山西運城市）。

三國時期蜀漢著名將領。

死後受民間推崇，被人奉為關聖帝君，尊稱為「關公」。

史聖司馬遷：生於漢景帝中元五年（公元前145），字子長，左馮翊夏陽人，西漢史學家、文學家。

著中國第一部紀傳體通史《史記》。

文聖歐陽修：北宋時期政治家、文學家、散文家和詩人。

唐宋八大家之一，字永叔，號醉翁，晚號六一居士。

有《歐陽文忠集》，詞集有《六一詞》、《近體樂府》及《醉翁琴趣外編》。

詞聖蘇軾：蘇軾字子瞻，號東坡居士，四川眉山人。

我國宋代著名的詞人，文學家、書畫家，「唐宋八大家」之一。

他對詞的發展有突出的貢獻，以往的詞內容狹隘，他擴展了詞的內容。

他寫的詞筆力縱橫、豪邁奔放，對後世影響很大，故被尊為「詞聖」。

兵聖孫武：字長卿，即孫子，春秋未著名軍事家。

齊國人。

所著《十三篇》是我國最早的兵法，被譽為「兵學聖典」，置於《武經七書》之首。

並被後世確認為《孫子兵法》的作者。

謀聖張良：(？—前186)字子房，漢初三傑之一，在楚漢戰爭中「長計謀平天下」，都為劉邦所採納。

劉邦曾贊其「運籌帷幄之中，決勝於千里外，子房功也」。

樂聖李龜年：唐玄宗時樂工，當時李龜年、李彭年、李鶴年兄弟三人都有文藝天才，李龜年善歌、擅吹篳篥、擅奏羯鼓，也長於作曲等。

後人稱李龜年為「樂聖」。

棋聖黃龍士：名虬，又名霞，字月天，江蘇泰縣姜堰填人，幼小時棋名已聞達四鄉鄰里。

著有《弈括》和《黃龍士全圖》。

曲聖關漢卿：（約公元1229年—1241年），卒於元成宗大德初年（約公元1300年前後），元代雜劇作家。

號已齋（一作一齋）。

《竇娥冤》、《救風塵》、《望江亭》、《拜月亭》、《魯齋郎》、《單刀會》、《調風月》等，是他的代表作。

木聖（科聖）張衡：（78-139），字平子，南陽西鄂（今河南南陽縣石橋鎮）人，是我國東漢時期偉大的天文學家，成就涉及到天文學、地震學、機械技術、數學乃至文學藝術等許多領域。

General Guan Yu: (162? -220) was born in the Eastern Han Dynasty emperor Huan Yan Xi, word Yunchang, Hedong (now Shanxi city) ". The famous generals of the Three Kingdoms period. After the death of the civil respected, be regarded as Guanshengdijun, known as "Guan gong".

Shi Sheng and Sima Qian: he was born in the five year of Emperor Han Jing (145 B.C.), Zi Zi long, Zuo Feng Yi Xia Yang, Western Han historian and litterateur. The history of "historical records" Chinese first jichuanti.

Wensheng Ou Yangxiu: politician and writer, essayist and poet of the Northern Song dynasty. One of the eight of Tang and Song Dynasties, the word Yong Shu, No. 61 drunkard, late lay. A "loyal Ouyang Wen set", "the 61 word set has the word", "close" and "drunkard QinQu" outside ".

Word Saint Su Shi: Su Shi Zi Zi Zhun, Dong Po, Sichuan Meishan people. The famous poets, writers, calligraphers and calligraphers in Song Dynasty were one of the eight great families in Tang and Song dynasties. He has made a significant contribution to the development of words. His past words were narrow in content, and he expanded the content of words. He wrote his words freely, bold and unrestrained, have great influence on later generations, so called "holy words".

Sun Wu is a famous military strategist in the spring and Autumn period. The people of Qi. The "thirteen" is China's earliest art, known as the "canon", in the "Wu seven book" the first. Later, he was identified as the author of Sun Tzu's art of war.

Saints Zhang Liang: (? Before 186) one of the three word ovary, the early Han Dynasty, Chu Han war "strategy in the world", is adopted by Liu Bang. Liu Bang has been praised for his "strategist, winning thousands of miles away, ovary work".

Li Guinian: Tang Xuanzong Shi Legong, at that time, Li Guinian, Li Pengnian, Li Henian brothers were all three people with literary genius. Later known as the "Klosson energy-saving".

Grandmaster Huanglongshi: Xia Qiu, aka, word day, Jiangsu Thai Jiangyan County fill young people, who have spoken in the neighborhood of chess wonder. The author of the "Yi" and "Huanglongshi map".

Qu Sheng Guan Hanqing: (about 1229 ad 1241), he died in the early years of Yuan Cheng Zun, the drama of Yuan Dynasty. No. (a vegetarian) have been vegetarian. "Duer", "save the wind and dust", "Wangting Pavilion", "Yue Pavilion", "Lu", "single sword meeting", "tune the wind moon" and so on, is his masterpiece.

Mu Sheng (Ke Sheng) Zhang Heng: (78-139) (78-139), the character Ping son, Nanyang West Hubei (now Henan Nanyang County Shiqiao Town), is the great astronomer of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the achievements involved in astronomy, seismology, mechanical technology, mathematics and even literature and art, and many other fields.